【作者】 魏俊岭；

【导师】 张自立；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 植物营养学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 土壤是中药材生长的基础和场所，土壤肥力高低是影响中药材产量和药效成分的主要因素，而土壤环境质量状况则是决定中药材质量安全的关键因子。亳州是驰名中外的中华药都，中药材种植历史悠久，药材生产是本市的特色产业，但有关亳州中药材种植地土壤肥力及环境质量方面的研究还鲜见报道。本文研究了亳州典型中药材种植地土壤肥力及其环境质量，进而对亳州中药材种植地土壤肥力和土壤环境质量状况进行综合评价，为亳州中药材科学施肥及其养分管理，提高中药材产量和质量提供科学依据。主要结果如下：1.亳州市中药材、农田、蔬菜地和果园土壤有机质含量分别在11.3-28.74、15.2-18.6、16.5-19.9和5.89-8.30g/kg之间，均值分别为18.94、17.30、18.55和7.52g/kg；土壤全氮含量分别在0.27-0.82、0.27-1.07、0.56-0.70和0.29-0.68g/kg之间，均值分别为0.46、0.63、0.63和0.51g/kg；土壤有效磷分别在24.6-75.2、25.3-69.1、35.6-73.5和30.7-48.3mg/kg之间，均值分别为41.1、43.8、56.0和41.3mg/kg；土壤速效钾分别在86.4-226.5、76.4-256.5、113.9-263.9和86.4-198.9mg/kg之间，均值分别为160.2、175.2、188.3和150.2mg/kg。2.土壤肥力指数和法评价结果显示，亳州市中药材、农田、蔬菜地和果园土壤肥力指数IFI(Integrated Fertility Index)分别为87.8，77.8，97.8和67.8，土壤养分综合等级分别属1级、2级、1级和3级，说明中药材和蔬菜地土壤肥力水平高，农田土壤肥力水平较高，而果园土壤肥力水平中等。3.亳州市中药材、农田、蔬菜地和果园土壤全镉含量分别在0.90、0.67、0.40和0.55mg/kg以下，均值分别为0.26、0.56、0.10和0.32mg/kg；土壤全铬含量分别在168.9-266.9、179.4-244.1、167.3-203.8和181.0-241.5mg/kg之间，均值分别为207.1、214.1、183.5和212.4mg/kg；土壤全铜含量分别在148.2-275.5、177.5-247.1、166.0-217.2和178.7-226.7mg/kg之间，均值分别为194.5、209.1、195.3和203.7mg/kg；土壤全锌含量分别在193.4-591.5、360.0-638.0、233.0-604.0和193.0-429.0mg/kg之间，均值分别为370、500、389和283mg/kg；土壤全铅含量分别在343.1-1548.6、365-569、457-545和585-1085mg/kg之间，均值分别为545.4、479.8、450和759.3mg/kg；土壤全镍含量分别在88.6-146.7、94.2-130、83.9-105.3和87.5-133mg/kg之间，均值分别为107.9、112.9、91.6和112.3mg/kg。4.亳州市中药材、农田、蔬菜地和果园土壤有效镉含量分别在0.049-0.086、0.02-0.09、0.02-0.07和0.04-0.08mg/kg之间，均值分别为0.07、0.06、0.05、0.07mg/kg；土壤有效态含量分别在0.035-0.06、0.039-0.07、0.04-0.06和0.04-0.08mg/kg之间，均值分别为0.03、0.04、0.03和0.05mg/kg，土壤有效态铜含量分别在0.34-6.25、3.56-5.47、4.7-17.7和2.03-6.01mg/kg之间，均值分别为：4.27、4.73、11.8和3.79mg/kg；土壤有效态锌的含量分别在1.28-2.48、0.44-5.31、2.79-23.0和0.21-5.11mg/kg之间，均值为2.48、2.91、13.3和2.36mg/kg；土壤有效态铅的含量分别在4.63-8.67、3.06-7.04、2.75-10.2和2.96-8.04之间，均值分别为5.88、5.36、5.64和5.36；土壤有效态镍的含量分别为0.46-0.82、0.34-0.86、0.47-0.85和0.14-0.61之间，均值分别为0.60、0.68、0.71和0.40。5.亳州市中药材、农田、蔬菜地和果园土壤重金属环境质量状况：从单因子污染评价结果看，镉和铬在中药材、农田、蔬菜地和果园土壤单因子污染指数(PI)在0.16-1.26和0.59-0.82之间，均值分别为0.47和0.80，均小于1；而铜、镍、铅、锌的单因子污染指数均值分别为1.67、1.73、1.57和1.32，均大于1。土壤中重金属污染的内梅罗污染指数分别为1.29、1.38、1.14和1.45，属于轻污染水平；土壤中重金属污染的加权平均综合指数分别为1.13、1.47、0.98和1.39，其中中药材、农田和果园土壤的加权平均综合指数属3级，为有污染等级；而蔬菜地土壤的加权平均综合指数属2级，为尚清洁等级。6.在不同中药材体内的重金属镉、铬、铜、镍、铅、锌含量范围分别介于0.06-0.39、5.88-9.31、41.96-76.5、5.21-8.33、5.97-18.9、33.14-62.18mg/kg之间，均值分别为为0.19、6.99、53.67、7.26、9.20和47.9mg/kg，从中药材体内的重金属富集情况看：桔梗体内的重金属总量为137.46mg/kg，白芍体内重金属总量为121.21mg/kg，白芷体内的重金属总量为123.91mg/kg，紫丹参体内的重金属总量为94.76mg/kg，知母体内的重金属总量为138.46mg/kg，玄参体内的重金属总量为145.12mg/kg，牡丹体内的重金属总量为115.54mg/kg。铜和锌是七种中药材体内富集量最大的两种重金属。7.镉在不同中药材体内的富集系数介于0.38-1.51之间，平均富集系数为0.74;铬在不同中药材体内的富集系数介于0.03-0.04之间;铜的富集系数介于0.22-0.39之间，平均富集系数为0.28；镍的富集系数介于0.05-0.08之间，平均富集系数为0.07;铅的富集系数介于0.01-0.03之间，平均富集系数为0.016，锌的富集系数介于0.09-0.17之间，平均富集系数为0.13。除了白芍、紫丹参对镉的富集系数大于1，有富集现象以外，其他各类中药材对所研究的六种重金属富集能力均较弱。8.中药材基地表层土壤全氟和水溶性氟含量分别在278.4-625.6mg/kg和5.02-16.3mg/kg之间，均值分别为532.8mg/kg和9.88mg/kg，表层土壤全氟含量高于全国土壤总氟背景值(478mg/kg)，且表现为表层富集。中药材中全氟含量在26.1-33.5mg/kg之间，含量顺序表现为：牡丹>白氏>白芍>知母>玄参>桔梗>紫丹参，其中以牡丹吸收富集土壤水溶性氟的能力最高，而紫丹参最低。更多还原

【Abstract】 Soil fertility plays an important role in the productivity and the active contents ofChinese medical，soil environmental quality is a critical factor determining the Chinesemedical quality. Bozhou city is a worldwide famous Chinese medical capital due to its longplanting history，and the Chinese medical production is also characteristic industry inBozhou city. However，soil fertility and soil environmental quality in Chinese medical baseof Bozhou city absent systematic studies. The soil nutrition elements (such as organicmatter; total nitrogen，available P，available K，available Cu and Zn) as well as the soiltotal and available heavy metals (such as Cd，Cr，Cu，Zn，Pb and Ni) in typical Chinesemedical，crop land，vegetable and orchard soil were analyzed. The soil fertility and soilenvironmental quality assessment in different soil utilization types in Bozhou city werealso evaluated by using integrated fertility index (IFI) and weighted averagecomprehensive index methods. The main results are as follows:1. In Chinese medical，crop，vegetable and orchard planted soil: the contents of organicmatter ranged from11.3to28.74、from15.2to18.6、from16.5to19.9and from5.89to8.30g/kg，with the mean levels were18.94、17.30、18.55and7.52g/kg， respectively;the total nitrogen ranged from0.27to0.82、from0.27to1.07、from0.56to0.70andfrom0.29to0.68g/kg with the mean levels were0.46、0.63、0.63and0.51g/kg，respectively; soil available P were between24.6and75.2、between25.3and69.1、between35.6and73.5and between30.7and48.3mg/kg with the mean levels of41.1、43.8、56.0and41.3mg/kg，respectively; soil available K were between86.4and226.5、between76.4and256.5、between113.9and263.9，and between86.4and198.9mg/kg，and the mean contents were160.2、175.2、188.3and150.2mg/kg，respectively.2. The soil nutrition integrated fertility index (IFI) in Chinese medical，crop，vegetableand orchard planted soil were87.8，77.8，97.8and67.8，respectively. The soil nutritiongrade were the first，the second，the first and the third grade in in Chinese medical，crop，vegetable and orchard planted soil，respectively. This indicated that soil fertilities in Chinese medical and vegetable planted soil were in high level，the crop soil was inthe relative high level，and the orchard soil was in the medium level.3. In Chinese medical，crop，vegetable and orchard planted soil: the total Cd were rangedfrom0.90，0.40and0.55mg/kg with the mean contents were0.26、0.56、0.10and0.32mg/kg，respectively; the total Cr ranged from168.9to266.9、from179.4to244.1、from167.3to203.8and from181.0to241.5mg/kg with the mean levels were207.1、214.1、183.5and212.4mg/kg，respectively; the total Zn ranged from193.4to591.5、from360to638、from233to604and from193to429mg/kg，with the mean contentswere370、500、389and283mg/kg，respectively; the total Pb ranged from343.1to1548.6、from365to569、from457to545and from585to1085mg/kg，the mean levelswere545.4、479.8、450and759.3mg/kg，respectively; the total Ni were between88.6and146.7、between94.2and130、between83.9and105.3and between87.5and133mg/kg，the mean contents were107.9、112.9、91.6and112.3mg/kg， respectively.4. In Chinese medical, crop, vegetable and orchard planted soil: the available Cd wereranged from0.049to0.086， from0.02to0.09， from0.02to0.07，and from0.04to0.08with the mean contents were0.07、0.06、0.05and0.07mg/kg，respectively; theavailable Cr ranged from0.035to0.06、from0.039to0.07、from0.04to0.04and from0.04to0.08mg/kg with the mean levels were0.03、0.04、0.03and0.05mg/kg，respectively; the available Cu ranged from0.34to6.25、from3.56to5.47、from4.70to17.7and from2.03to6.01mg/kg， with the mean contents were4.27、4.73、11.8and3.79mg/kg， respectively;the available Zn ranged from1.28to2.48、from0.44to5.31、from2.79to23.0and from0.21to5.11mg/kg，with the mean contents were2.48、2.91、13.3and2.36mg/kg， respectively; the available Pb ranged from4.63to8.67、from3.06to7.04、from2.75to10.2and from2.96to8.04mg/kg，the mean levels were5.88、5.36、5.64and5.36mg/kg， respectively; the available Ni were between0.46and0.82、between0.34and0.86、between0.47and0.85and between0.14and0.61mg/kg，the mean contents were0.60、0.68、0.71and0.40mg/kg，respectively.5. The single factor pollution index(PI) of Cd and Cr in the soil planted Chinese medical,crop, vegetable and orchard were ranged from0.16to1.26and from0.59to0.82， respectively which were lower than one, but the mean PI of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were1.67、1.73、1.57and1.32，which were higher than one. The Nemerow pollution indexin Chinese medical, crop, vegetable and orchard soil were1.29,1.38,1.14and1.45，respectively. All the The Nemerow pollution indexes were higher than one，whichdemonstrated that all the soils were slight contaminated. The weighted averagecomprehensive index of heavy metals in Chinese medical, crop, vegetable and orchardsoil were1.13,1.47,0.98and1.39，respectively. The weighted average comprehensiveindex of heavy metals in Chinese medical，vegetable and orchard soil were in the thirdgrade，which were in contaminated level，and the second grade were found in cropland，which indicated it was in the relative clean level.6. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in different herbal medicines ranged from0.06to0.39, from5.88to9.31, from41.96to76.5, from5.21to8.33, from5.97to18.9,and from33.14to62.18mg/kg, with the mean level of0.19,6.99,53.67,7.26,20and47.9mg/kg, respectively. The total heavy metal contents in several Chinese herbalmedicines were ranged from94.76to145.12mg/kg, with the mean value of125.2mg/kg, which followed the order of: Xuanshen> Zhimu> Jiegeng>Baizhi>Baishao> Mudan>Zidanshen.7. The bioaccumulation factors (BAF) of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in different herbalmedicines ranged from0.38to1.51，from0.03to0.04, from0.22to0.39, from0.05to0.08, from0.01to0.03and from0.09to0.17, and the mean level was0.74,0.28,0.07,0.016, and0.13, respectively. All the BFAs were lower than one except Cd inzidanshen and banshao which were1.51and1.12, respectively.8. The total fluoride concentrations in surface soil (0～20cm) ranged from278.4to625.6mg/kg，with the mean value of532.8mg/kg，and the soluble fluoride contents insurface soil were between5.02and16.3mg/kg with the mean value of9.88mg/kg，respectively. The total fluoride concentrations in surface soil were higher than that insubsoil (21～40cm and41～60cm)，which indicated that some fluoride was enriched insurface soil. the irrigation water quality standard (<2.0mg/l) for Nuisance～free herbalmedicine production. The fluoride contents in several Chinese herbal medicines were ranged from26.1to33.5mg/kg，which followed the order of: Mudan>Baizhi> Baishao>Zhimu>Xuanshen> Jiegeng>Zidanshen. The bioaccumulation factors (BAF) of soilsoluble fluoride in different herbal medicines ranged from2.60to3.39， and thehighest and lowest BAF were found in Mudan and Zidanshen，respectively.更多还原