【作者】 苏敏；

【导师】 周同科； 唐曙霞；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 汉语国际教育（专业学位）， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 声调是留学生汉语语音学习中的一个难点。本文通过跟踪调查,针对4名来华学习汉语半年左右的美国留学生,进行课文朗读和自由会话的语音收集,通过4个月的语料采集,汇总了朗读和会话的声调发音数据并进行分析对比。研究围绕三个目标展开：检验四声习得难度；对比自由会话和课文朗读时的声调发音特征；跟踪观察留学生语音表现的变化过程和发展趋势。第一部分绪论,概述选题缘由、研究目标及研究方法。现有针对汉语学习者的声调习得研究中,在研究角度上,朗读语料研究多于会话语料研究；在研究素材上,单字表及词表朗读研究远多于句子课文朗读研究：在研究方法上,跟踪调查研究很少。综述前人的研究,既进行纵向的跟踪录音,又将自由会话和课文朗读进行横向对比的研究仍是一个空缺。研究设计方面,扼要介绍了本文的研究对象、录音材料、录音过程、以及数据处理和分析方式。本文针对四名来华学习汉语时间在4—6个月左右的美国留学生进行课文朗读和自由会话的研究,录音过程为期4个月,共收集录音15次,课文朗读材料选自录音当周学生课堂上使用的教材。通过对朗读材料进行难度控制,选取7次录音进行数据统计,用excel对偏误情况进行统计,总结调型和调域问题,并用praat进行语音图分析。第二部分理论基础与研究综述,介绍已有声调习得领域的理论基础和前人的研究成果。理论基础部分主要介绍了迁移理论及其发展、中介语理论、语音变异理论,并着重就中介语理论中的“僵化”现象,以及语音变异理论中的情境语境对语音的影响进行介绍。研究成果综述主要就针对不同母语的汉语学习者的声调习得研究,以及关于汉语声调教学方法的研究进行介绍。第三部分课文朗读和自由会话部分数据分析对比。分别就偏误情况、调型调域问题、音高图进行个案分析。笔者发现朗读和会话的语音表现有一定的相关性,但会话部分会出现新的问题。偏误率方面,朗读部分阳平偏误率最高,其次是去声和上声,阴平发音情况最好；会话部分去声偏误率最高,阳平偏误率与去声很接近,然后是上声,阴平保持较低的偏误率。调域方面,四名被试在朗读和会话中都出现的普遍问题是调域过窄,其中阳平在朗读时的问题最大,上声在会话时基本以半上调域出现。调型方面,会话时的调型问题更多,显示出发音的随意性,可能与自我声调监控意识减弱有关。第四部分纵向发音数据分析。笔者将跨度4个月的语音样本进行纵向的数据分析,试图总结4名被试的共同声调变化及趋势,随后进行个案分析,尤其针对学习者的变化显著的声调进行描述和对比。在一段时间的学习和纠音训练后,四名被试的四声偏误率下降程度不显著,但存在波动,且四声的偏误率下降程度因人而异,每个被试的四个声调的改善幅度不同。调域问题比调型问题纠正难度大,个别被试出现“僵化”现象。第五部分偏误原因与教学建议。针对本文的发现,就被试的声调发音问题从情境变异、母语负迁移、汉语声调特点等角度分析了偏误产生的原因。并结合本文的研究发现,从声调教学顺序、适度纠音、语音训练材料选取、学习者的学习习惯和方法几个方面,为汉语声调教学提出建议。第六部分结论。对主要研究结论进行总结,并提出研究不足以及尚待解决和研究的问题,如扩大被试数量、延长跟踪时间,以及进行不同水平的汉语学习者的声调表现对比等。更多还原

【Abstract】 Though researches regarding American students’tone acquisition have been carried out by many scholars, the combination of comparing the tone acquisition of both reading passages and speaking freely with chronologically analyzing the pronunciation variation and trend, is still of great research potential. This is why the author wanted to carry out this follow-up phonetic research, the subjects of which were four American students who came to China to study Chinese for around half a year.The first part is the introduction, which summarizes the research potential of this topic, the reasons for picking this topic, the objective and meaning of this research. This part also concisely and thoroughly explains the research design and data processing and analyzing method. This research picks four American students at primary Chinese level as subjects. The recording of their passage reading and free conversation lasts for four month. To make sure that the difficult levels of the reading materials are consistent, the author picked7out of15recordings to carry out analysis. In terms of data processing, the author uses Excel to calculate the error rates, and uses Praat to analyze the recording.The second part provides theoretical bases and a summary of previous researches. In terms of theoretical bases, transfer theory, interlanguage system, and phonetic variation theory have been frequently used to explain problems in second language acquisition."Fossilization" is a term in interlanguage theory to describe the phenomena in which learners’performance stagnate. Phonetic variation theory is a relative new theory in this area. Currently, researches have mainly focused on how the situational context influences one’s phonetic performance. Since this paper provides both performance in passage reading and oral conversation, it can dive into the analysis of the impact of context on phonetic performance. The third part compares the error rate and the phonetic description under the two contexts, providing a general analysis of phonetic performances, and analyzing each subject’s performance on a microscopic level. For each subject, the author picks out two tones to do an in-depth description. Generally, phonetic performances in passage reading and free speaking context are correlated-for each subject, the tones that they grasp well when read passages tend to stay well when speak freely. And the average error rates of speaking freely are relatively higher than that of passage reading, which can be attributed to a decline of "self-control". In terms of tone sphere, both in passage reading and casual conversation part, T2is the most difficult and T1is generally well grasped.The forth part elaborates on the variation and trend of each subject’s tone performance through out the entire four months’ recording period, offering a chronological analysis on the whole and to the specific. The author finds out that the phonetic performance didn’t experience a clear variation or developmental path, but there’re some quite distinctive trends. T2remains to be the most difficult for all the four subjects. And there’s also possibly "fossilization" happening.The fifth part illustrates the reasons behind tone errors, such as negative transfer from native language. This part also provides some pedagogical suggestions from perspectives of teaching sequence, procedures and methods relating to the findings of this research.The last part is the conclusion and reflection. In terms of the questions unanswered and the new interesting phenomena, the author proposes some future research potential topics and directions. For instance, expand the samples and increase the recording frequency and length, so as to acquire a more convincing data. Also, compare students of introductory, intermediate and advanced level to see if there’s a dynamic trend.更多还原