【作者】 王磊；

【导师】 郑先武；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 国际关系， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 大国协调是国际政治中一种非常重要的多边安全机制,由国际体系中的主要大国通过会议外交的方式,对它们所关心的国际问题实施共同管理。首先,文章提出大国协调起源于欧洲协调,冷战后,由于体系层次和单元层次的因素变化,大国协调在后冷战时代迎来了“复兴”,大国协调的机制安排明显增多,如八国集团、二十国集团、金砖国家会议,以及针对一些专门的国际问题创设的协调机制,如1989-1991年五大国针对柬埔寨问题展开的多轮协商、1998年五大国针对印巴核试验问题展开的协调,以及现实国际政治中针对朝核问题和伊朗核问题分别举行的“六方会谈”。其次,从历史发展的视角,本文将大国协调区分为三种形态：区域大国协调、跨区域大国协调和全球大国协调,全球大国协调属于广义的跨区域大国协调的范畴,是其发展的高阶形式。本文重点研究跨区域大国协调,即来自不同区域的大国通过会议外交和协商一致对某些具有区域性影响的安全问题进行管理,这是冷战后大国协调实施跨区域安全治理的突出体现。笔者将跨区域大国协调纳入区域间主义的视角下考察,认为这是由诸大国共同主导、以问题为导向而强调功能性的“跨区域主义”。再者,通过选取柬埔寨问题和印、巴核危机两个既成案例进行分析,借以体现此种跨区域主义的特点,同时探究跨区域大国协调在实施安全治理中的方式方法和产生效果。透过案例我们可以看到,跨区域大国协调保留了协调机制运行的核心规则体系：非正式的议事原则；协商一致的决策原则：集体反应原则；自我克制原则。在冷战后的新形势下,大国协调实施跨区域安全治理的效果主要取决于三个变量：大国共识的高低,大国责任意愿的强弱,地区组织的发育程度及其行为能力。其中,大国共识是展开协调治理的基础,大国责任意愿是保证协调效果的关键因素,地区组织的发育程度及其行为能力则是一个重要的辅助变量。而且,跨区域大国协调与发育程度较高、行为能力较强的地区组织在区域安全治理中形成合作与竞争的关系。最后,文章从有效性和合法性两个维度对跨区域大国协调的安全治理进行效果评估,就有效性而言,跨区域大国协调可以弥补联合国安理会在国际安全治理上的不足,成为国际治理渠道的有益补充;大国协调实施跨区域安全治理,一旦成功解决该地区安全问题,将为区域化的进程创造更多机会；跨区域大国协调强调多边合作,可以限制美国霸权。就合法性而言,效果评估从“合法化”和“正当性”两个方面展开,一方面,由于国际法法理责任的要求,联合国安理会“五常”国家在维护国际和平与安全上承担着特殊责任,后冷战时代的国际安全治理特别强调合法性,跨区域大国协调与集体安全机制出现了紧密融合的新趋势,大国协调实施跨区域安全治理借由安理会而显示合法化；另一方面,从正当性的角度来看,大国协调具有维护既存国际秩序的价值导向。因此,当今时代的大国协调,除了要在大国关系上继续改善外,还要增强协调治理的合法性和获得国际社会的广泛支持,着重考虑如何从“消极和平”向“积极和平”转变,这就要求,大国协调要由依赖小多边主义的共识向依赖大多边主义的共识转变,很多时候大国不仅要考虑自身利益,还要考虑国际社会的利益。更多还原

【Abstract】 Concert of great powers is one kind of multilateral security regime to manage international issues through diplomatic conferences by the major great powers. Firstly, this article argues that the concert of great powers stems from concert of Europe. In the post cold war times, because of the changes come from system level and unit level, concert of great powers has been enjoying a renaissance, various mechanisms obviously come into being. Just like G8, G20, the BRICS summit and other concert mechanisms for some specific international issues. For example, the concert of the five great powers aiming at the Cambodia issue from1989to1991, the concert of the five great powers aiming at the nuclear crisis between India and Pakistan in1998, the six-party talks on North Korea’s nuclear issue and the six-party talks on the Iranian nuclear issue.Secondly, from the angle of historical development, the concert of great powers can be divided into three forms:concert of regional great powers, concert of multi-regional great powers and concert of global great powers. Concert of global great powers tends to be part of a broadly defined concert of multi-regional great powers and it is the higher stage of concert of multi-regional great powers. This article focuses on the concert of multi-regional great powers, namely, managing important regional issues through diplomatic conferences by the great powers come from different regions of the world, which manifests that the concert of great powers can carry out the multi-regional security governance. I argue that contemporary concert of great powers involve multi-regional security governance falls under the category of interregionalism, specifically, it is multi-interregionalism that great powers play a dominant role and is based on issues so that emphasizes functionality.Thirdly, this article includes two cases, one is about the Cambodia settlement agreements and the other is about the nuclear crisis between India and Pakistan. These cases show the characters of this kind of multi-interregionalism, meanwhile, I analyze the ways and effects of contemporary concert of great powers involving trans-regional security governance. The concert of multi-regional great powers retains the core rules of a concert:the rule of informal consultation, the decision rule of consensus, the rule of collective response and the rule of self-restraint. After the cold war, its effects mainly depend on three variables:the consensus of great powers is the foundation, the powers’ will to take responsibilities is the key cause and the development degree as well as the practical capacity of regional organization is an assistant variable. Moreover, the relationship between the concert of multi-regional great powers and the regional organization mixes competition and cooperation.At last, this article evaluates the effect of the concert of multi-regional great powers in two dimensions:validity and legitimacy. From the perspective of validity, the concert of multi-regional great powers can make up the deficiency of UN Security Council and become a useful addition to the international security governance; once the significant regional issues are solved, the concert of multi-regional great powers can create more opportunities for regionalization; the concert of multi-regional great powers emphasizes multilateral cooperation which can limit American hegemony. From the perspective of legitimacy, the evaluation is designed from two aspects:legalization and rationality. On the one hand, the five permanent U.N. Security Council members have taken special responsibilities on maintaining international peace and security due to the international law, international security governance of the post cold war particularly emphasizes legitimacy. The concert of multi-regional great powers and collective security tend to integrate in practice, and the former comes into being legalization by drawing support from the latter. On the other hand, the concert of great powers has a value proposition of maintaining the existing order. Therefore, contemporary concert of great powers requires that international society strives to improve the relationships among the major powers and strengthen the legitimacy of concert mechanisms. Moreover, how to reform "the negative peace" into "the positive peace" should be taken into consideration. This would require the great powers’ attention both to its own interests and the public interest. The concert of great powers should transform relying on the consensus of mini-multilateralism into relying on the consensus of macro-multilateralism.更多还原