中国用益物权制度的完善

【作者】 高静；

【导师】 胡吕银；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 民商法学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 用益物权是调整财产利用关系的物权形式,是人类为解决财产归属与财产利用之间的现实矛盾而产生和发展起来的。用益物权制度在整个物权法体系中占据着重要的地位,在现实生活中也发挥着物尽其用的重大作用。用益物权的规则不仅满足了现代社会中越来越多地非财产所有权人利用他人所有的财产的需求,而且对我国的社会经济发展、物质资源的合理利用和有效配置等都产生了深远的影响。用益物权制度的完善有利于我国法律体系的完备,更加适应市场经济的需求,促进社会的稳定和经济的有序发展。根据传统物权理论设计出来的我国现行的用益物权制度存在着很大的缺陷。《物权法》第117条规定：“用益物权人对他人所有的不动产或者动产,依法享有占有、使用和收益的权利。”原则上,我国法律已经承认了动产用益物权的合法性,但是却没有相关的具体规定与之相对应,同时又受到《物权法》严格物权法定主义的限制,使得在动产上设定用益物权受阻。传统物权理论认为处分权能是所有权的专属权利,用益物权不具有处分权能,使得社会生活中普遍存在的非财产所有权人经营他人财产的现象找不到法律依据,用益物权体系十分零乱,缺乏统一的规则和原理。因此,完善用益物权制度是势在必行的。《物权法》第117条肯定了动产用益物权的存在,采用的是宽松的物权法定主义,而《物权法》第5条：“物权的种类和内容,由法律规定”,采用的却是严格物权法定主义的表述,从而造成了物权法定主义与用益物权客体扩展之间的矛盾,需对《物权法》第5条与第117条结合现实实际进行正确的解读。财产归属与财产利用相分离是现代物权发展的必然趋势,应当把握时代发展的新特点,给予财产归属与财产利用同等的重视。《物权法》应当采用平等独立的物权理念来构建用益物权制度。在宏观上,用概括式代替列举式,抽象总结出用益物权的一般规则和原理,建立统一的用益物权体系规则。将典型的动产用益物权种类如资产经营权、资源占用权纳入用益物权,完善用益物权的种类。非财产所有权人利用他人所有财产的现象在现代社会相当普遍,而财产利用人只有享有处分财产的权利才能进行正常的经营活动,因此,应当完善用益物权的权能形态,允许用益物权人在法律规定或当事人许可的情况下享有处分财产的权利。更多还原

【Abstract】 Usufructuary right, as a property form used to adjust property use, comes into being and develops as a result of solving the practical contradictions of property ownership or property use. Usufructuary right system plays an important role in the whole property law system as well as property management in our daily life. The rules of usufructuary right not only meet the needs of non-property owners who wish to make use of other’s property, but also exert considerable influence on China’s social and economic development, rational use and effective allocation of material resources. Perfection of usufructuatry right regulations will facilitate the completion of China’s legal system, more adapt to the needs of market economy, and promote social stability and orderly economic development.Significant defects exist in the current usufructuary system designed on the basis of the traditional property rights theory. In Section117of the’Property Law’, usufructuary right holders shall be granted the right to possess, use and benefit from others’chattel as well as real estate. In principle, the law in our country has acknowledged the legitimacy of the chattel usufructuary right, but there is no related specific provisions corresponding. Besides, strict restrictions on property rights in’Property Law’ make it difficult to apply chattel usufructuary right to chattels. Traditional property right theory suggests that disposition is the exclusive right of ownership, and that usufructuary right does not involve disposition, which results in the phenomena that non-property owners in the social life cannot find a legal basis for using others’ property, and usufructuary system, lacking in unified rules and principles, comes to be messy. Therefore, to improve the usufructuary system is imperative.Section117in ’Property Law’confirms the chattel usufructuary right by using the property rights statutory doctrine in a broad sense, while Section5prescribes the types and contents of property right strictly. This leads to the conflict between property right legalism and extension of usufructuary object. Therefore we should interpret Section5and Section117with the consideration of the actual need of the reality, and attach equal importance to property and its ownership with the grasp of new features of the times as the separation of property ownership and property use is an inevitable trend in modern property development.’Property Law’should build usufructuary right system on a basis of equal and independent property rights concept. In macro sense, unified system should be established and perfect the type of usufructuary right, involving right related to typical chattels such as asset management right, resource occupancy right by summarizing the general rules and principles of the usufructuary instead of enumeration. It is fairly common in modern society that non-property owners make use of others’possessions. Only they are entitled the right to dispose the property can normal business be caried out. Hence usufructuary right’s form should be improved, and owners with usufructuary right can enjoy the right to dispose the property under permission from the law or the parties.更多还原