【作者】 刘波；

【导师】 李首成；

【作者基本信息】 四川农业大学 ， 生态农业， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来,由于处理方式不当,农业废弃物给人们的生产生活带来了一系列环境污染问题。大量研究表明,利用蚯蚓与环境中的微生物协同作用可以对农业废弃物进行降解转化。利用蚯蚓消解处理技术,既能避免废弃物造成环境污染,获得保护环境的生态效益,又能生产出利用价值很高的蚯蚓体与蚯蚓粪,获取双重的经济效益。本文旨在研究以下三个方面的内容：1、EM菌在预堆制过程中对物料农化性质的影响；2、通过分析蚯蚓在消解物料过程中的生长繁殖特性,探求最适合作为蚯蚓饵料的物料配比；3、通过分析在蚯蚓消解物料过程中各物料组合的养分含量,找到产物养分含量最高的物料配比。本试验采用室内培养法,选取高粱秸、玉米秸和稻草三种农业废弃物作为试参因素,设置各秸秆重量占秸秆总重量的100%、50%和1/3三个水平,同时以各物料组合总重量占秸秆总重量的100%为约束条件,经过筛选,得到7种物料组合。为保证物料的C/N比较低,加入40g牛粪作为底料,每个处理物料总干重均为100g。试验共进行75d,包括预堆制处理15d和蚯蚓消解物料60d。在蚯蚓消解物料过程中,每隔15d进行破坏性取样,记录各物料组合中蚯蚓重、幼蚓数及蚓茧数,对各物料组合中的蚯蚓生长、繁殖状况进行比较分析；并比较分析每次取出的物料的农化特性。研究结果表明：(1)在物料预堆制时期,加入EM菌的各物料组合的有机碳、全N、热值含量均显著(P<0.05)低于未加入EM菌的相应物料组合,表明在物料预堆制过程中,EM菌能加快物料有机质的降解速度,加速物料中铵态氮的挥发。大部分物料组合的C/N比均高于未加入EM菌的相应物料组合,这说明EM菌对各物料组合中的有机质降解的加速效率整体上慢于加速铵态氮的挥发效率。(2)在消解处理物料过程中,蚯蚓在各物料组合中生长良好、繁殖旺盛。物料的配比差异对蚯蚓的日增重倍数、产茧数和日增殖倍数均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。各物料组合中的蚯蚓日增重倍数均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而蚯蚓的产茧数和日增殖倍数均随时间的增加而显著上升。从总体上看,玉米秸与牛粪配成的物料更适合作为蚯蚓饵料。(3)在蚯蚓消解处理物料的整个过程中,各物料组合中的有机碳含量、C/N和热值含量均随着时间的增加而降低；而速效P和速效K含量均随着时间呈上升趋势。(4)蚯蚓对各物料组合的消解转化效率保持在54%-62%范围内,其中物料转化效率最高的是蚯蚓对玉米秸和稻草与牛粪配成的物料(YD),转化效率为61.57%；蚯蚓对物料中碳的转化效率为均在11%以下,碳转化效率最高的是稻草与牛粪配成的物料(D),为10.75%；蚯蚓的繁殖效率维持在240～340条/100g物料(干重),其中繁殖效率最高的是玉米秸与牛粪配成的物料(Y),达到336条/100g物料(干重)。(5)全N、速效P和速效K含量的增加,使得蚓粪具有更高的有效利用养分含量。从总体上看,经过蚯蚓消解处理后,玉米秸和稻草与牛粪配成的物料(YD)、高粱秸与牛粪配成的物料(G)、高粱秸和玉米秸与牛粪配成的物料(GY)的全N、速效P、速效K含量分别最高,堆肥效果相对较好。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, due to the improper way for handling it, agricultural waste leads to a series of environmental pollution to people in production and life. A mass of research indicates that it can degrade and transform agricultural waste for using the synergy of earthworms and microorganism in the environment. Using earthworms resolution processing technology, not only can avoid waste cause environmental pollution, protect the environment for the ecological benefit, but also can produce high value earthworms and the earthworm dung, get double economic benefits. This paper aims to study the following three aspects:(1) The impact of EM bacteria on the material agrochemical nature in the pre-composting process.(2) By analysis of earthworms of growth and reproductive characteristics in the process for digesting material, it explores the most suitable material ratio as the bait of earthworm.(3) By analyzing the nutrient content of the material combination in the process for digesting material,it finds out the material ratio of the highest nutrient content in the product.This test uses the indoor culture, it selects three types of agricultural waste (include sorghum stalks, corn stalks and rice straw) as a factor of the test parameters, and sets the proportion of each straw weight in the total weight to100%,50%and1/3, while it lets the total weight of combination of all materials accounted for100%of the total weight of the straw as constraints, it gets seven kinds of material combinations after screening. To ensure the C/N is low in the materials, it adds40g cow dung as a substrate material, the total dry weight are100g in each processing result. The tests were carried out75d, including Pre-composting processing15d and earthworms digested material60d. In the process for earthworms digesting materials, every15d for destructive sampling, it records the weight of earthworm, the number of young earthworm and the cocoon number of earthworms, compares and analysis growth, reproductive statusln the combination of various materials and the material agrochemical nature. The results show that:(1) In the material pre-composting period, the organic carbon, total N content of the calorific value of the material for combination of EM bacteria are significant (P<0.05) lower than the corresponding material combinations that did not join the EM bacteria, indicating that, the EM bacteria can accelerate the degradation rate of the material organic matter, and accelerate the volatilization of ammonium nitrogen in the material in the material pre-heapmanufacturing process. The C/N ratios of most of the material combination were higher than the corresponding EM bacteria material combination, indicating that EM bacteria on the degradation of organic matter in the combination of various materials to accelerate the efficiency of the overall slow to accelerate the volatilization of ammonium nitrogen efficiency.(2) In the digesting process for handling materials, earthworms grown well in various material combinations, vigorous breeding. The different ratio of the material showed a significant effect (P<0.01) in average daily gain on earthworms multiple of the number of cocoon production and proliferation times of day. Earthworms daily gain multiples in the combination of various materials are first increased and then decreased, the number of cocoon production of earthworms and the proliferation times of day with time to increase significantly rise. Overall, earthworm compost corn stalks made of cow dung dubbed the matter is more conducive for earthworm feeding.(3) In the process of earthworm digesting materials, the organic carbon content, C/N and heat value content of each material combination increased with time reduced. The content of available P and K trend with time.(4) The conversion efficiency of earthworm digesting various material combinations remained at54%to62%within which the material into the most efficient is the earthworm corn stalks and rice straw and cow dung dubbed materials (YD), the conversion efficiency is61.57%. Earthworms on the conversion efficiency of the carbon materials are below11%, the most carbon conversion efficiency is the rice straw and cow dung dubbed the material (D),10.75%. Earthworm breeding efficiency is maintained at240～340item/100g material (dry weight), the highest reproductive efficiency of corn stalks and cow dung dubbed materials (Y),336item/1OOg material (dry weight).(5) The content of total N, available P and K increase, makes vermicompost having a higher effective use of nutrient content. Overall, processing through the earthworm digestion, corn stalks and rice straw and cow dung dubbed materials (YD), sorghum straw and cow dung dubbed the material (G), sorghum straw and corn stalks and cow dung dubbed materials (GY), total N, available P, available K. Composting is relatively better.更多还原