【作者】 张丽丽；

【导师】 李瑞豪；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 牙人在我国历史上出现很早，具体可以追溯至先秦时期，但作为一类艺术形象出现在小说作品中，却是在封建社会后期的明清两代。作为经济发展的产物，牙人有其现实的生存背景和发展轨迹，而且不同时期的牙人呈现出不同的特点。明清牙人身上同样带有鲜明的时代色彩，这在历史和经济研究领域已有所涉及。然而作为一类艺术形象，明清小说中的牙人还未受到文学研究者的关注。明清商品经济的发展和小说文体的崛起为牙人形象的产生创造了契机，本文即从文学研究的角度对明清小说中写到的牙人形象进行分析和探讨。绪论部分对牙人的历史发展过程做一个系统的梳理。主要涉及牙人称谓的演变，牙人活动在不同时期呈现出的特点，以及牙人组织机构——牙行的出现。从中可以知道唐宋两代是牙人发生转变的一个时期，牙人活动渐趋规范和成熟，对后世牙人产生深远影响。同时在这一部分明确本文的研究价值与意义、研究对象的范围，以及所采用的研究方法。第一章主要探讨明清牙人兴盛的原因、表现，及其与小说的结合。明朝建国以后，统一稳定的社会局势，农业、手工业发展基础上商品交换的频繁，水陆交通发展基础上商品流通范围的扩大，以及牙人自身的历史传承为它的兴盛提供了有利的条件。这一时期，牙人数量急剧增加，业务范围和职能有很大扩展，牙人整体上发展到一个相当完善和成熟的水平。明清牙人与明清小说的同步兴盛使二者的结合成为必然。第二章主要对明清小说中的牙人形象进行类型划分和形象特征分析。对于明清小说中出现的，从事各种商品中介的众多牙人形象，按照不同的标准可以分为不同的类型，他们呈现出的面貌不同，发挥的作用也不尽相同。其中，女性牙人值得特别关注，因为她们的存在从某种程度上揭示出明清女性命运的悲剧和自我意识的觉醒。从艺术特点来看，牙人形象整体上呈现出类型化的特征。这虽然与牙人的现实存在情况，以及读者的审美水平相关，但更为深层的原因还是小说家主观色彩极强的创作态度使然。第三章对明清小说中的牙人形象进行生存状态考察。将小说中的相关描写进行拼凑、整合，可以了解到牙人群体的生存状态，包括他们的经济状况、与商人和官府的复杂关系、自身的社会地位等。牙人靠中介活动收取牙钱，不断积累财富，用以扩大自己的经营规模。牙行的产生，及其内部人员的组成形式已经体现出这一群体内部的贫富分化。牙人与商人的关系主要表现为经济利益基础上的合作与斗争。与官府的密切关系，是牙人政治职能的表现，但实际上他们充当的是封建政府控制经济的工具。从小说的相关描写中，可以看到在重农抑商的传统思想影响下，牙人的社会地位仍然低下。第四章对明清小说中牙人形象的文学价值进行专门分析。尽管牙人形象在明清小说中没有获得充分展示个性的空间，甚至连地位、处境也十分尴尬，但它仍然具有独特的价值。对小说本身的叙事而言，牙人形象有时对于故事情节的发展转折，对小说其他人物的性格表现、命运发展有着不可忽视的作用。从审美价值来说，牙人形象作为一类丑的艺术形象，达到了小说家以丑贬恶，以丑扬道，以丑导善的创作目的。从认识价值来说，明清小说中的牙人形象对于我们考察这一时期文人对商业、商人的态度有着重要意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The broker in the history of our country occur very early, it can be traced back tothe pre-Qin period.But as the artistic image, it appears in the novels of the Ming andQing Dynasties, the feudal society later period. As the result of economicdevelopment, the broker has its realistic background and development path, anddifferent periods of agent showing different characteristics. During the Ming and QingDynasties, the broker also has distinctive feature. Historians have studied this problem.But in the field of literature, the researchers also pay no attention to broker image.The development of commodity economy and the rise of the novel, provided theconditions for the emergence of the image of brokers. The paper will study the broker,in the Ming and Qing novels, from literary perspective.The introduction describes brokers historical development process, includingtheir name evolution, their activities in different periods, as well as the brokerorganization–ya hang. Then, we can know, the broker in the Tang and SongDynasties changed, their activities become standardized and mature, influenced laterbroker. At the same time, I will explain the value of the paper, the scope of the study,and the research train of thought and method.The first chapter will explain why it flourished, brokers, why it combines fiction,in the Ming and Qing dynasties. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, thesocial stability, the development of agriculture, handicraft industry development,promote the commodity exchange, traffic development expands the range ofcommodity circulation, brokers own historical heritage also promoted its development.During this time, they increased in number, the scope of business and functionexpansion. They reached a high level of. The broker with the novel combination.The second chapter, analysis agent image types and characteristics. They can bedivided into different types according to different standards. They have a differentappearance, different roles. Among them, the female agent worthy of attention,because from their existence, we can see the Ming and Qing Dynasties female tragedyof destiny and the awakening of self-consciousness. From the artistic characteristics, the broker image having type characters. Although this with their actual situation, andthe reader’s aesthetic level, but the deep reason is the novelist’s subjective attitude.In the third chapter, I will examine the survival status of broker. Through thenovel, we can understand their living conditions, including their income, theirrelationship with the business, with the government, their social status. The broker byintermediary activities to earn money, they accumulate wealth, expand their scale ofoperation. The rows of ya hang appear later, its internal staff began the polarizationbetween the rich and the poor. Brokers and merchants between cooperation andstruggle, because of economic interests. The broker ’s relationship with thegovernment, their political functions, but in fact, they are the tools, they are feudalgovernment use. From the novel, we can see their status is very low, this is becauseChina has a traditional thought, despise businessman.In the fourth chapter, I will be dedicated to the study of literary value, the brokerimage. Although they did not fully display space to show personality, in the novel,even the status is also embarrassing, but it still has a unique value. In the novel,sometimes they promote the development of the story, the novel other people ’scharacter has a role can not be ignored. From an aesthetic perspective, they are ugly,but their ugly will enable the reader to become good. From the understanding of value,through them, we can understand the period of social thought and intellectuals face.更多还原