美国总统选举中的性别政治

【作者】 刘月；

【导师】 何佩群；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 国际关系， 2012， 硕士

【副题名】以2008年为例

【摘要】 总统选举一直是美国政治参与的最高形式。在一个多世纪的女权运动基础上,今日的美国女性早已获得平等的社会、经济、政治权利,女性的身姿也渗入“公共领域”的各个角落。尽管女性开始超过男性成为选民力量的主体,同时拥有相当实力的女性候选人开始进入总统角逐,但是至今仍未有女性在四载一度的美国总统选举中折冠而归。美国政治的峰顶——白宫仍只是女性梦中的圣地,而即便是第二把交椅——副总统也是女性可望而难及的。候选人在总统选举中的失败各有因由,女性也不例外。然而在美国总统选举中深藏的性别政治是令所有女性候选人失败的共因,也是整个女性集团未能最终打碎“玻璃天花板”的症结所在。本文采用社会性别视角,揭露美国总统选举中的性别政治,分析其如何给女性候选人带来消极影响并最终导致女性失败。全文共分为五部分进行论述。第一部分从批判“政治参与”的男权色彩起,论述相关的核心概念,包括“社会性别”、“性别政治”、“性别的刻板效应”,并解释了“总统的男子汉气概”这一将女性拒之白宫门外的意识概念；第二部分透视在总统选举中五个行为主体(政党、助选组织、媒体、候选人和选民)的性别政治因素,认为女性集团在征服“总统”宝座的过程中,女性候选人的增加和女性参政助选组织的资助是积极因素,而政党的社会性别利用和媒体的性别歧视是消极因素,选民的性别倾向则两者参半；第三部分主要从具有消极影响的三个主体——政党、媒体、选民分别剖析总统选举中女性如何处于不利的地位；第四部分选取了2008年希拉里和佩林的参选总统竞选作为实例进行分析,试图证明来自三个主体的性别歧视真实存在并透析它们是如何导致两位女性候选人的必然失败；最后一部分对女性候选人竞选失败的性别政治原因进行总体分析,认为政党、媒体、选民分别从上、中、下三个层面巩固了性别政治,需求它们支持的女性候选人不得不在“男性气质”和“女性气质”中摇摆,难以寻求合适的政治形象,这乃选举的大忌。更多还原

【Abstract】 Presidential election in America is the most important form of political participation. After over one century of feminist movement, American women have got equal social, economic, and political rights in law, and women have shown up in every corner of the "public sphere" Although female voters are more than male voters nowadays, and female candidates with considerable qualities have began to enter into presidential races, so far no woman has ever won as the president or even vice-president. White House, as the America’s political summit, is merely in women’s dreams.There are many kinds of reasons that female candidates get failure result in the presidential election. However, one common cause blocking all female candidates is the gender politics in American presidential election. As well, gender politics is the crux why the whole female sex group could not finally break the "glass ceiling"Through the perspective of gender, this thesis exposes the gender politics in American presidential election, and analyzes the negative effect from gender politics on women candidates, which ultimately led to the failure of women. The thesis contains five parts:the first part starts from criticism of the male chauvinism in "political participation", and displays core concepts, including "Gender","Gender Politics","Gender Stereotype Effect", followed by "President’s Macho" which keeps female outside the White House; the second part shows five subjects (candidates, voters, political parties, political organizations, and media) in the presidential election as the elements of gender politics, and indicates that sponsors from female organizations and increasing female candidates are positive, while gender utilization of political parties and gender discrimination of media are negative, and voters’ gender tend mixes both; The third part mainly analyzes how women are at a disadvantage due to negative effects from political parties, media and voters; the fourth part does a case study of Hilary Clinton and Sarah Palin in2008president election to prove the existence of gender discrimination in political parties, media and voters; the last part summaries the gender reasons for female candidates’ failures, and reveals that gender politics is consolidated from up to bottom by political parties, media and voters, thus female candidates swinging between "female trait" and "male trait" could not build suitable political images.更多还原