【作者】 贾斌；

【导师】 颜培实；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 动物营养与饲料科学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 抗生素作为饲料添加剂在畜牧生产中的应用曾推动饲料工业的迅猛发展。但是近年来,由于抗生素不合理使用所带来的药物残留、耐药菌株等问题日益严重,并严重危害人类的健康。中草药来源于自然,并经长期的临床应用,具有较高的药用价值和安全性。以其作为饲料添加剂在生产上应用具有一定的优势。本试验针对泌乳期奶牛,拟定中草药配方并进行试验,旨在提高奶牛生产性能的同时,促进奶牛的健康。试验共分为三部分：试验一：体外试验,以15只健康、装有永久瘤胃瘘管的绵羯羊为瘤胃液供体动物,采用单外流连续培养系统进行体外培养试验。试验设置四个配方(A),每种配方设三个添加剂量(B),添加量分别为日粮精补料的5%、10%、15%,共12个处理,每个处理3个重复,设对照组。适应期7d,试验期7d。并利用两因素4×3析因试验设计,每一配方筛选出有利于瘤胃发酵的最优添加量,以备下一步试验。试验结果表明：中草药添加剂能够改善瘤胃内环境和发酵水平。各处理组pH均处于6.91-6.98之间,属于正常范围,并且各添加组与对照组相比pH值差异均不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,各添加组产气量均较对照组增加,中草药添加剂含量为5%时,配方2、3添加组与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),当添加量为10%时,配方1、3、4添加组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。当添加量为15%时,配方3、4添加组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。与对照组相比各配方在5%添加量时培养液中NH3-N浓度较低,差异不显著(P>0.05),但当添加量达到10%时,各配方添加组培养液中NH3-N浓度增大,与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),添加量为15%时,各配方添加组NH3-N浓度继续升高,其中配方1、2、3添加组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各配方添加组培养液中BCP浓度均高于对照组,并且添加量为5%时,配方1、2、3添加组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),添加量为10%时,配方2、3、4添加组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),添加量达到15%时,各配方添加组中BCP浓度低于对照组,差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着添加量的增大,配方1、2、3、4添加组中NDF消失率均较对照显著提高(P<0.05),但当添加量达到15%时,NDF消失率又有降低的趋势。ADF消失率具有相同的趋势。通过对体外发酵综合指标的评定筛选出配方一和配方二的5%添加量,配方三和配方四的10%添加量进入下一步试验。试验二：体内试验,利用单因素3水平的完全随机试验设计,以15只健康、安装永久瘤胃瘘管的绵羯羊为模型动物研究中草药添加剂对瘤胃微生物区系的影响,将试验羊随机分为五组,其中四个处理组分别添加由试验一筛选出的中草药添加剂配方及其添加量,每个处理3个重复,另外一组为对照组。预试期14d后,早饲前连续采集3d的瘤胃内容物进行纤维分解菌的试验。试验结果表明：黄色瘤胃球菌real-time qPCR检测结果数量级为6,各试验组定量结果高于对照组,其中试验组Ⅲ中黄色瘤胃球菌数量最大,组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。白色瘤胃球菌real-time qPCR检测结果数量级为7,各试验组定量结果高于对照组,其中试验组Ⅲ显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。其他试验组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。产琥珀酸丝状杆菌real-time qPCR检测结果数量级为8,各试验组定量结果高于对照组,其中试验组Ⅱ中产琥珀酸丝状杆菌数量最大。组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。黄色瘤胃球菌和白色瘤胃球菌的real-time qPCR结果表明配方三有效的促进了这两种纤维分解菌的生长,配方二有效促进产琥珀酸丝状杆菌的生长。中草药添加剂能有效的促进三种纤维分解菌的生长。试验三：现场试验,利用单因素10水平完全随机试验设计,选用50只健康、相同胎次、泌乳期相同,体重差异不显著的荷斯坦奶牛。随机分为5组,其中4个处理组,分别在精补料中添加试验一中筛选出的中草药配方及其添加量,另外一组为对照组。研究中草药添加剂对奶牛泌乳性能及血清生化指标的影响。预饲期为15d,正试期为35d。试验结果表明：在试验期结束时各试验组产奶量均较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。乳脂率各试验组均较对照组有提高的趋势,其中试验组Ⅳ较对照组增加显著(P<0.05)。乳蛋白各试验组较对照组有所增加,其中试验组Ⅲ较对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。试验组Ⅲ中Ca含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其他试验组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。各试验组中P含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ血清中ALP含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。血清中BUN含量各试验组均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。各试验组血清中MDA含量均低于对照组,其中试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。血清中SOD含量各试验组高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。血清中T-AOC测定,试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验组Ⅲ、Ⅳ高于对照组,但与对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。血清中IgG和IgM各试验组均高于对照组,但组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。更多还原

【Abstract】 Antibiotic had accelerated the development of feed industry as a sort of additive application in production. But in the recent year, the irrationality application of antibiotic result in the problem residue, resistant seriously increasingly, indeed, deteriment the human’s healthy. Chinese herbal medicine come from the nature, possess great medical value and safety. Take it as feed additive apply in production must obtain some advantage. In the experiment, we focused on enhancing the production performance of the cows in the period of lactation, indeed, keeping the cows healthy. The experiment included three sections:In experiment1, the single outflow continuous culture system was applicated, rumen fluid inoculum for in vitro trials was collected from the15healthy, castrated and ruminally fistulated sheep. Four formulas (A) were designed and3levels (B) respectively, the ratio to concentrate was5%,10%and15%. Each with3repeats, setted control trail.7days for adaption and7days for studying. Indeed, with the factors analysis experiment design, we selected the formula and the dosage to prepare for the following experiment. The results showed that Chinese herbal medicine could improve the rumen environment and the fermentation level. The pH varied from6.91to6.98, stayed in normal range, and the differences were not significant between added groups and control (P>0.05). Comparing with the control group, the gas production of added groups were higher, when the dosage was5%, the formulas2and3were higher than control significantly (P<0.05), when the dosage was10%, formula1,3and4were significantly higher than control (P<0.05), when the dosage was15%, formulas3and4were significantly higher than control (P<0.05). Comparing with the control, NH3-N concentration in all added groups were lower than control when the dosage was5%, but the differences were not significant (P<0.05). When the dosage was10%, the NH3-N concentration of added groups increased, but the differences with control were still not significant. When the dosage get15%, the NH3-N concentration still increased, and the formula1,2and3were significantly higher than control (P<0.05). The BCP concentration in all added groups were higher than control, and when the dosage was5%, formula1,2and3were significantly higher than control (P<0.05). When the addition added to10%, the formula2,3and4were significantly higher than control (P<0.05). However, when the dosage was15%, the BCP concentration in the four formulas were lower than control, the differences were not signicant (P>0.05). With the addition increasing, NDF disappearance rate in all the four formulas improved significantly than the control (P<0.05). The ADF disappearance rate changed in the same trend. Through the MFAEI of varity formulas and levels of Chinese herbal formula effected on the fermentation indexes in vitro, we selected the formula1and formula2with the dosage5%, and the formula3and formula4with the dosage10%to study further.In experiment2, we take15healthy, annulated and castrated sheep as model animal to study the effects of Chinese herbal formula on rumen microorganisms. The sheep were allocated into5groups randomly with the single factor experiment design. The sheep of the four added groups were provided the ration with Chinese herbal formula formula selected in the experiment1, setted control trail. After the14days feed probation, we collected the rumen contents for3days to study the effects of Chinese herbal formula on the number of cellulose-decomposing bacterias. The results of the real-time qPCR showed the order of magnitude of Ruminococcus flavefaciens was6, the number of all the added groups were higher than control, and the result of experiment group Ⅲshowed the largest number, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). The order of magnitude of Ruminococcus albus number was7, the results of all the added groups were higher than control, the difference between experiment group III and control was significant (P<0.05), the others were not significant (P>0.05). The detected results of Fibrobacter succinogenes with real-time qPCR was that the order of magnitude was8and the number of all the added groups were higher than control, the number of Fibrobacter succinogenes was largest in the experiment group Ⅱ, indeed, different significantly with control (P<0.05). All the real-time qPCR results mentioned in experiment2showed that the Chinese herbal formula had positive effects on the growth performance of the cellulose-decomposing bacteria, and the formula3with dosage5%had apparently effect on the growing of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus, and so did the formula2with the dosage on the growth of Fibrobacter succinogenes.In experiment3,50healthy cows which had the same parity, in the same duration of lactation and the similar body weight were selected to study the effects of Chinese herbal formula on the milk performance and the serum biological indexes. The cows were allocated into5groups randomly and10cows each group respectively.4groups added the Chinese herbal formula selected in the experiment1, the other one was control.15days for adaption and the trying period was35days. The results showed:when the experiment finished, the milk production in all the added groups were significantly higher than control (P<0.05). The butter-fat content in all added groups were higher than control, and the difference was significant between the added group Ⅳ and control (P<0.05). The milk protein content in all added groups were higher than control, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). The ALP content in serum of added group Ⅰ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly higher than control (P<0.05). The BUN content of serum in all the added groups were higher than control, but the differences were not significant (.P>0.05). The MDA content in all the added groups were higher than control, and the added group Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅳ were higher than control significantly (P<0.05). The SOD content of serum in all the added groups were higher than control, the differences were not significant (P>0.05). The T-AOC activity in serum of the added group Ⅰ, Ⅱ were higher than control significantly (P<0.05), and the added group Ⅲ, Ⅳ were higher than control but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). The IgG and IgM content of serum in all the added groups were higher than control, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05).更多还原