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关于老年人与年轻人心智游移频率差异的实验研究
The Study of Mind Wandering in Aging
【作者】 李冲；
【作者基本信息】 浙江师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2012， 硕士
【摘要】 心智游移现象是个常见但容易被人忽视的意识现象,它揭示了人类个体的意识并不总是集中在当前的环境或任务上,而是经常会转向内部精神世界的特性,目前已经在意识研究领域引起越来越多的关注。在诸多关于心智游移的研究问题中,心智游移的发展尤其是心智游移的老龄化问题逐渐引起研究者们的兴趣,这种心智游移随年龄增长而发生的变化体现在以频率为主的各特征上。对心智游移的老龄化研究,不仅有助于深入了解心智游移的发展特征及其表现形式,还有助于老年认知功能衰退的干预研究,为ADHD、老年阿尔茨海默病等疾病的治疗以及干预提供一个新的切入角度,对认知老化的为临床治疗起到促进作用。目前对心智游移老龄化的研究中,最大的争议在于,老年人的心智游移频率是否比年轻人更少?针对这个问题,心智游移的当前关注理论认为,个体心智游移的内容主要来源于与其自我目标相关的当前关注,由于老年个体当前关注的内容较少,因而老年个体比年轻个体心智游移频率更少；而心智游移的执行控制理论则认为,心智游移是因为执行控制失败从而使个体无法抑制对无关信息的加上,老年人由于执行功能的衰退导致抑制能力下降,从而应该出现比年轻人更多的心智游移。因为对心智游移定义的不统一、研究方法的单一以及没有充分考虑心智游移报告的主观性等原因,这个争议还没有得到解决。针对以上问题,我们采用反映生活中自我觉知的心智游移自评问卷以及反映任务中心智游移的即时思维取样两种基本范式,结合心智游移的客观行为指标,系统考察老年人和年轻人在心智游移频率上的差异,并采用多种手段来探讨这种差异产生的原因。研究一采用问卷与经典的持续注意反应任务(Sustained Attention to Response Task,简称SART)相结合的方式,对老年人与年轻人在心智游移频率上的差异进行比较,通过对被试当前关注的访谈,检测用当前关注理论来解释心智游移频率的年龄差异的适用性；研究二比较了老年人与年轻人在生态效度更高的阅读任务中心智游移的差异,并采用生活事件量表探索个体生活事件对心智游移频率的影响。研究得到以下主要结论：1)老年被试自我评定的心智游移频率比年轻被试低；2)尽管老年被试在任务中报告了比年轻被试更少的心智游移,但心智游移的客观指标提示,老年被试的心智游移并不比年轻人少；与教育程度匹配的年轻人相比,老年被试对心智游移的元意识能力更低,且因心智游移犯错后的注意调节能力更差；3)个体心智游移的自我报告与其对心智游移的接纳程度显著相关；4)心智游移的产生更多地与负性的当前关注相联系；心智游移的当前关注理论需要修正。
【Abstract】 Mind wandering is a common but easy to overlook phenomenon, which reveals the individual’s consciousness is not always concentrated at the current environment or task, but often turn to the internal world. The development of mind wandering, especially mind wandering in aging is gradually arousing the research interest, such as the age-related change in the frequency of mind wandering. The study of mind wandering in aging, not only contributs to a better understanding of the development characteristics of mind wandering, but also to the understanding of cognitive decline in aging, and helps to improve the treatment of ADHD, Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases.In the research of mind wandering in aging, the most controversial is that whether old people’s minds wander more or less than the young. The current concern theory argues that the main content of mind wandering come from one’s goal-related concern. Old individuals have fewer concerns than younger individuals, so their minds wander less than younger individuals; executive control theory argues that mind wand-ering reflects the failure of the executive-control system, the old tend to have degraded executive control function, thus their minds should wander more than the younger adults. This dispute has not been resolved.In the present study, we used the subjective (questionnaires) and objective method(the behavior indicators such as attentional lapseduring task) to compare the frequencyof mind wandering in old and young people. Study1adopted SART and interview oncurrent concern interview and study2adopted reading task and survey on life event. And the results showed that:1) The older subjects reported less mind wandering than the younger ones;2) The old subjects’attentional lapse was not less than the young subjects;3) The attitude about mind wandering was correlated with the frequency of one’s reported mind wandering;4) The frequency of mind wandering was correlated to one’s negative current concern;