【作者】 黄强；

【导师】 冀伯祥；

【作者基本信息】 重庆师范大学 ， 世界史， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 第二次世界大战之后，英国国家实力大幅度衰弱，沦为二流大国，而美国则一跃成为世界一流大国。战后的英国仍然将自己视为不同于其他欧洲国家的大国，因此其在外交中仍然试图保持着“日不落帝国”的传统——均势外交。但是英国孱弱的现实不得不迫使其寻求一个强有力的大国作为最重要的盟友，而和英国有着“特殊关系”的美国自然就成为了英国的目标。英美“特殊关系”始于二战时期，在战后初期得以强化。在很长一段时期内“特殊关系”成为了英国外交的重中之重。美国希望利用英国来牵制苏联及共产主义在欧洲的扩张；英国则希望利用美国的强大实力来维持其在欧洲的强势地位，继续推行其均势政策。但是随着时间的推移和世界格局的变化，英美之间的这种“特殊关系”不但没有使英国重拾“日不落帝国”的光辉，反而使英国的外交陷入了困境当中。二战后，英国的外交基础是丘吉尔提出的“三环外交”，主要包括了美国、欧洲和英联邦三个主要内容，美国则是英国所有外交关系中的基础环节。英国是希望通过“三环外交”重回世界一流大国的行列。但是美国国力的增长和英国国力衰退的事实使得英国狐假虎威的如意算盘开始落空。美国不可能听命于一个二流国家，英国更不可能控制一个已经成为世界第一强国的美国，因而英美“特殊关系”开始偏离了英国的初衷并且出现裂痕；作为英国外交基础国的美国，一旦出现波动整个英国外交关系都出现变化，欧洲各国开始了欧洲一体化的过程，英国对待欧洲一体化的态度非常暧昧，口头上表示支持但行动上却在排斥，这使得英欧关系出现新变化；英国和英联邦的关系也因为英国和美、欧的关系变化而出现波动。本文将从英美“特殊关系”着手，在吸收和借鉴前人研究的基础上，对冷战时期英国所面临的外交困境进行分析。文章分为引言、正文和总结三个部分：引言部分主要是指出问题的研究意义、国内外的研究现状、研究思路和写作方法以及文章的主要内容。正文部分主要有三个部分：第一部分主要是英美“特殊关系”的形成，包括文化上的渊源，二战的特殊背景以及英国外交的传统；第二部分是英美“特殊关系”的强化阶段的表现，包括政治和经济方面；第三部分则是本文的主要部分，即英美“特殊关系”变化以及所产生的英国外交困境。结论部分，对正文进行总结。结合史实和现状对英美“特殊关系”和英国外交进行综合分析，找出二者之间的联系，并对其进行评价。更多还原

【Abstract】 The strength of the United Kingdom was failed greatly after World War II, in themeantime, the powers of United States became NO.1in the world. But, still the Britainregarded itself as a unique country of the Europe. For this reason, Britain tried tomaintain the traditional diplomacy in period of “The empire on which the sun neversets”—the diplomacy of balance of power. But the Britain was so weak that it had tofind a powerful country as its alliance. Because of the “special relationship”, theUnited States became the first choice of Britain.Anglo-America “special relationship” started in World War II; strengthened afterthe war. In the long time, the “special relationship” played a key role in Britishdiplomacy. The United States wanted to use Britain to prevent the expansion of theSoviet Union and communism in Europe; in the other side, Britain hoped the UnitedStates can help it to keep the strong position in Europe; in that case, Britain could keepthe policy of balance of power. But as the time went by and changes of the worldstructure, the “special relationship” in Anglo-America led Britain into diplomaticdilemma.After World War II, the foundation of British diplomacy was “Three Rings”created by Churchill, including the United States, Europe and the BritishCommonwealth, and the United States was the crucial part in British diplomacy.“Three Rings” diplomacy was the way that Britain wanted to use to return to the firstleading power. But the fact that the rising of American power and descent of Britaincaused the wishes failed. There is no way that America listened to a second-classcountry, and the crack appeared in the “special relationship”. As the foundation of theBritish diplomacy, the changes between the Anglo-America relationships caused thechanges in the whole British diplomatic relations. The countries in Europe started theprocedure of European integration which Britain took an ambiguous attitude,supporting in verbally but rejecting in action, that made new changes in Britain andEurope’s relations. The relationships of the countries of the British Commonwealth andBritain changed as well as those two relations changed. This thesis started from Anglo-America “special relationship”, based onpredecessors’ research results, and analyzed the dilemma of British diplomacy. Thethesis has three parts: introduction, main body and conclusion.The part of introduction mainly points out the meaning of studying this question,the situation of the study at home and abroad, research thinking and main content.The main body has three parts. The first is the formation of the Anglo-America“special relationship”, including source in the culture, the special background in WWIIand the traditional diplomacy of Britain. The second part is the expressiveness ofAnglo-America relationships in the period of consolidation, including politics andeconomy. The third part is the main part of the thesis: the changes of Anglo-Americarelationships and the dilemma of British.The part of conclusion concludes the whole thesis. Analyze the Anglo-America“special relationship” and British diplomacy historically and presently; find theconnection between these, and evaluate it.更多还原