1970年中东恐怖活动对尼克松政府“缓和”政策的挑战

【作者】 高伟；

【导师】 王玮；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 世界史， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 20世纪70年代是国际局势风云变幻的时代。美苏两极依然是国际政治秩序的主宰。但是，由于美国受到经济危机、越南战争的拖累，以及西欧和日本的兴起，使得自身在资本主义世界的霸主地位遭受冲击。同时，苏联的进攻态势也使得美国不得不在两极争霸中采取守势。1970年又是国际化深入发展的一年。经济全球化，带动了人力、资本等各要素的全球性流动，也使得国际化组织借机兴起。中东地区的固有激进势力迅速成长为国际性的恐怖组织，并连续发动恐怖袭击，对美国维持中东地区的稳定的设计造成严重损害。解放巴勒斯坦人民阵线（PFLP）发动的“劳工节劫机事件”和巴勒斯坦解放组织（PLO）在约旦发动的“黑九月事件”，严重危害了美国在这一地区的利益，也使得美国的“缓和”政策陷入困境。但是固守传统的国与国外交模式的美国政府，却对恐怖势力的兴起措手不及，无法采取直接有效地手段进行处理，原先推行的“缓和”政策也备受挑战。这也更加突出的表明，在国际舞台上，国际组织的影响日趋明显，值得民族国家关注和重视。本文首先为导论，第一章为概念界定，主要讲述词典、各国官方及学者关于“恐怖主义”的各种界定，深入探析恐怖主义的各种特性，并在此基础上总结出恐怖主义的基本概念，为本文写作奠定基础。长久以来，世界各国政府、专家学者对恐怖主义都没有一个通用的定义，如何界定恐怖主义不仅是一个理论问题，也对我们防范及打击恐怖主义有着积极地现实意义。通过解析各种定义，牢牢把握住恐怖主义的本质特征，我们将恐怖主义定义为：恐怖主义是指为了制造公众慌乱、威胁政府当局或者国际组织，而采取暴力手段、破坏行动、恐吓行为或者各种其他方式，意欲造成或造成非战斗人员（尤其是平民）人员伤亡、重大财产损失、公共设施损坏、社会秩序混乱等严重社会危害的行为。第二章主要讲述中东恐怖主义兴起的原因并简单陈述解放巴勒斯坦人民阵线和巴勒斯坦解放组织的主要情况，并探讨尼克松政府关于“缓和”政策的出台背景及相关内容。恐怖主义在中东的兴起，既有宗教因素，也与中东地区特殊的地区因素、经济因素息息相关，同时，美国在中东地区推行的偏袒以色列的政策也加剧了恐怖主义的滋生和成长。第三章阐述两起恐怖事件——“劳工节劫机事件”和“黑九月事件”对尼克松政府的“缓和”政策的具体冲击。在两起恐怖事件发生后，美国政府没有意识到恐怖组织的国际化特性，反而固守传统的国与国的外交模式，导致美国在应对恐怖活动时的力不从心。第四章提出本人对当前国家对外政策及积极反恐的几点思考。一方面，应重视国际组织在国际体系中愈加重要的作用，加强外交政策的明晰化和灵活化；另一方面，也应积极推行反恐措施，积极保障我国地区安宁和对外政策的顺利实施，以最大程度的保证国家利益。更多还原

【Abstract】 The 1970s is the era of ever-changing international situation.Bipolar is stillthemaster of the international political order.However, because the United Statesreceive the economic crisis, the drag of the Vietnam War and the rise of WesternEurope and Japan, making their own hit the dominance of the capitalist world.At thesame time, the offensive posture of the Soviet Union the United States had to takedefensive hegemony.1970 is the international year of in-depth development.Economic globalization,driven by the global flow of manpower, capital and other elements also makes theinternational organizations the opportunity to rise.Inherent radical forces in theMiddle East is the rapid growth of international terrorist organizations, andcontinuous terrorist attacks, causing serious damage to the design of the United Statesto maintain regional stability in the Middle East.Liberation of Palestine, the PopularFront (the PFLP) launched the "Labor Day hijackings and the Palestine LiberationOrganization (PLO) in Jordan launched" Black September incident "serious harm toU.S. interests in the region, but also makes the United States" to easepolicy introuble.But the rise of the U.S. government, stick to the traditional state-to-statediplomacy, but then terrorist forces by surprise, unable to take direct and effectivemeans of processing, the original implementation of the policy of detente is stillsubject to challenge.This is also more prominent in the international arena, the impactof terrorism has become more evident and worthy of concern and attention of thenation-state.This article first introduction, the first chapter for the definition, focuses on thedictionary, official national and academics on a variety of "terrorism" as defined indepth analysis on the various characteristics of terrorism, and on this basis, summedup the basic terrorismlay the foundation for the concept as of this writing.A long time,governments around the world, experts and scholars on terrorism is not a commondefinition of how to define terrorism is not only a theoretical issue, but also on prevention and the fight against terrorism with active practical significance.Byparsing the various definitions, firmly grasp the essential characteristics of terrorism,terrorism is defined as: terrorism is a threat to government authorities or internationalorganizations in order to manufacture public panic, taken by means of violence, actsof sabotage, acts of intimidation ora variety of other means, intended to cause seriousharm to society of casualties and significant property damage, damage to publicfacilities, social and disorderly behavior caused by non-combatants (civilians).About the rise of terrorism in the Middle East, the Popular Front for the Liberation ofPalestine and the Palestine Liberation Organization, and to explore the introduction ofthe background of the Nixon administration policy of "detente" and relatedcontent.The rise of terrorism in the Middle East, both religious factors, and the MiddleEast special regional factors, economic factors are closely related to the same time,the U.S. implementation of the policy of favoring Israel in the Middle East hasexacerbated the breeding and growth of terrorism.The third chapter two terrorist incidents - Labor Day hijacking "and" BlackSeptember events of the Nixon administration "easing" policy impact.After the twoterrorist incident, the U.S. government did not realize the internationalization featuresof the terrorist organization, but stick to the traditional state-to-state diplomacy mode,resulting in the United States in response to the terrorist activities of the powerlessand lag.Chapter I Some Thoughts on the country’s foreign policy and a positiveanti-terrorism.The one hand, should pay attention to the increasingly important role ofinternational organizations in the international system, to strengthen the foreign policyof clear and flexible; the other hand, should actively promote the counter-terrorismmeasures, and actively safeguard the smooth implementation of China’s regionalpeace and foreign policy toThe greatest degree of assurance the national interest.更多还原