【作者】 赵文志；

【导师】 白志川；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 植物学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 青蒿（Artemisia annua L.）是我国的传统中药。二十世纪七十年代我国科技工作者首次从中分离出抗疟单体——青蒿素,为抗疟特效药,同时对血吸虫病、艾滋病并发症等也有很好的疗效。从天然青蒿中提取青蒿素是目前获取青蒿素的唯一来源。目前栽培的青蒿由野生青蒿直接引种,青蒿素含量较低。由于遗传差异,单株之间青蒿素含量差异大。了解青蒿的生物学特性是选育优良品种并获得高产的基础;培育青蒿素含量高且稳定的药用青蒿栽培品种必将大大提高经济效益。本论文首先研究在实验室进行青蒿素含量测定方法,为遗传育种时检测青蒿的青蒿素含量提供检测方法的选择依据,然后研究了青蒿的生物学特性和青蒿素含量变化动态,为高青蒿素含量青蒿的选育以及高产栽培提供依据,也为生产上最佳收获期和育种过程中最佳取样时间的确定提供依据。主要研究结果如下:1、通过对青蒿素碱转化后紫外光谱中的特征峰进行了测定,实验结果为λmax=292nm。因此基于对青蒿素检测方法的认识,本文对青蒿素测定方法进行了验证,研究表明,用紫外分光光度法测定青蒿素的含量,方法简便、准确,但NaOH溶液的质量浓度应控制在0.2%±0.02%范围之内,否则Q₂92的吸光值降低,测定结果不准确。2、青蒿种子无休眠,春、夏、秋三季播种均可发芽,幼苗早期生长缓慢,抗寒能力强,能顺利越冬。来源不同地区的青蒿生育期存在差异,来源秀山地区的生育期最短,自贡地区的次之,酉阳地区的最长。从酉阳地区引种的青蒿,其叶产量和青蒿素平均含量均较高。青蒿的叶产量与生育期有直接关系,生育期越长,叶产量越高。3、青蒿为异花授粉植物,单株间青蒿素含量差异大,变异系数来源于秀山地区的为34.3%,来源于自贡地区的为36.9%,来源于酉阳地区的为38.6%。在混合群体中选择高青蒿素含量单株的种子培育成株系,其青蒿素平均含量和高青蒿素含量单株所占的比例逐年提高,低含量单株所占的比例和单株间的青蒿素含量变异系数逐年减少。通过两个世代的选育,来源于秀山地区的青蒿其青蒿素含量提高18.14%,来源于酉阳地区的提高10.13%,高青蒿素含量和较高青蒿素含量单株所占的比例,来源于秀山地区的分别由8.0%和22.0%上升到11.1%和35.6%,来源于酉阳地区的分别由14.0%和25.0%上升到22.9%和28.6%;而低含量单株所占比例,来源于秀山地区的由12.o%下降到2.2%,来源于酉阳地区的由13.0%下降到1.9%。因此通过优中选优的选择,能培育出青蒿素含量高且稳定的青蒿栽培品种。4、在青蒿各生育期中,从营养生长后期到开花期有效部分的青蒿素含量逐步降低,但由于有效部分的产量差异大,以盛蕾期最高,花芽分化期次之,开花期再次之,营养生长后期最低,故单株青蒿素的净产量以盛蕾期最高,花蕾分化期次之,开花期再次之,营养生长后期最低。花蕾分化期青蒿素单株产量与盛蕾期比较,差异不显著。同一单株不同生育期有效部分的青蒿素含量存在显著正相关或极显著正相关。在育种过程中为保证在开花之前有充足的时间完成检测,可以在营养生长后期取样。在花芽分化期和盛蕾期同一单株各级分枝有效部分的青蒿素含量差异不显著,但由于各级分枝有效部分产量的差异大,其青蒿素的产量差异显著,以三级分枝有效部分的青蒿素产量最高。综合考虑各级分枝有效部分的产量和青蒿素含量以及各生育期有效部分总的产量和青蒿素含量,在生产上以第三级分枝叶片已充分伸展的幼蕾期收获可望获得到最大经济效益。更多还原

【Abstract】 Artemisinin,a kind of anti-malaria monomer and high efficient anti-malaria medicine with excellent curative effect for schistosomiasis and AIDES complication,was firstly separated from Artemisia cnnuaa L,a traditional Chinese medicine,in 1970s.The only source of artemisinin at present comes from the extraction of natural A.annua.Nowadays,A.annua cultivar is directly introduced and domesticated from wild A.annua,so the content of artemisinin is low.Owing to the discrepancy of gentic,the contents of artemisinin in simple Artemisinin are different.Understanding the biological characteristics of A.annua is the basement of choosing excellent variety as well as achievement of high yield.Economic benefit will be greatly increased through cultivation of A.annua cultivar with high and stable artemisinin content.In this dissertation.At first,.The research detected the content of A.annua in the laboratory,in order to supply the testing of selective evidence during the time of inheritance and breeding.After that,the biological characteristics and the heredity diversity of artemisinin content are studied for A.annua introduction and domestication, high yield cultivation as well as for high artemisinin content breeding,then artemisinin content variation at different growing stage and in different level branches at each stage is studied to determine the optimal harvest time as well as the optimal sampling time in A.annua breeding.In the end,the relationship between artemisinin content and A.annua morphology and structure is studied to provide simple,accurate and quick selecting criteria for breeding.The main results are as follows:1 After transforming the alkaloid,the research detecte the special peak of Ultraviolet Spectrum, the result isλ_max=292nm.Owing to analysing all kinds methods of detecting A.annua.the thesis validate the methods of detecting A.annua.The results show:By using of Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry to detect the content of A.annua,It’s very simpleness and veracity,while the concentration of NaOH should be dominated the range of0.2%±0.02%,or the Absorbency of Q₂₉₂is low as well as unexact of the results.2 The seeds of A.annua have no dormancy,and can germinate when being sowed in the spring, summer or fall.The growth rate in the early seedling stage is slow.The seedlings can endure cold and smoothly pass the winter.The growth duration is different among A.annua comning from different origin.The A.annua from Xiushan district has the shortest growth duration and that from Youyang district longest and that from Zigong district sets between them.The yield and artemisinia content of A.annua introduced from Youyang district are higher.There is direct relationship Between leaf yield and growth duration,and the longer the growth duration the higher the leaf yield.3 A.annua is allogamous plant and artemisinin content varies greatly among single plants.The coefficient of differentiation of A.annua originated from Xiushan,Zigong and Youyang is 34.3%,36.9%and 38.6%respectively.The lines are obtained by selecting seeds of high artemisinin content single plants among the complex colony.The average artemisinin content and the percentage of single plants having high artemisinin content increase gradually year by year,and coefficient of differentiation of artemisinin content among single plants decreases yearly.Through selection of two generations the average artemisinin content of A.annua originated from Xiushan increases by 18.14%and by 10.13%that from Youyang,and percentage of single plants of high and second high artemisinin content increase from 8.0%,22.0%to 11.1%,35.6%respectively.On the contrary,that of low artemisinin content decreases from 12.0%to 2.2%for that originated from Xiushan,while for that from Youyang the percentage of single plants of high and second high artemisinin content increases from 14.0%and 25.0%to 22.9%and 28.6%respectively,and that of low artemisinin content plants decreases from 13.0%to 1.9%.In the 10 lines in 2007,the highest artemisinin content is 0.854%and the lowest is 0.782%,while the lines that the artemisinin,content is beyond and near 0.8%are 6 and 4 respectively.The cultivar with high and stable artemisinin content can be obtained by line pedigree breeding method.4 The artemisinin content of extracted parts decreases gradually from late vegetative stage to flowering stage.The yield of extracted parts reaches highest at full bud stage and lessen at stage of flower bud differentiation,and it even decreases at flowering stage,and the lowest is at late vegetative stage,thus,the artemisinin yield for each plant is the highest at full bud stage,then at the stage of flower bud,the third at flowering stage and the lowest at late vegetative stage.The artemisinin content of single plant at flower bud differentiation stage and full bud stage does not differ significantly.The content of artemisinin in the extracted parts of the same single plant at different stage is positively significant or obvious significant correlated,so the sample shall be taken at late vegetative stage to ensure enough time for artemisinin measurement before flowering.The artemisinin content in the extracted parts of different level branches of the same single plant at flower bud differentiation and full bud stage have no obvious difference,but the yield of artemisinin of each level benches differs significantly,because of yield difference of extracted parts,and the highest is the third level branch.Comprehensive consideration of the yield and artemisinin content of extracted parts in different level branches and that of each stage,when the leaves of the third level branches full spread at young bud stage,A,annua is harvested and the maximum economic benefit will he obtained.更多还原