【作者】 董哲；

【导师】 陈胜前；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 考古学及博物馆学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 大山前遗址位于内蒙古喀喇沁旗，有6个地点。第1地点（简称KDⅠ）出土了大量夏家店下层文化遗存，特别是发现有属夏家店下层文化特色石器类型之一的梭形石刀。KDⅠ经1996-1997年发掘，出土63件梭形石刀，包括毛坯2件、完整品5件及残段56件，与梭形石刀共出有大量可用于农业的生产工具，包括打制石锄、磨制石斧、石铲、磨盘、磨棒等，其中还有类似于梭形石刀的长方形石刀、蚌刀、石镰等，暗示梭形石刀的功能可能不同于其他类型的石刀与石镰关于梭形石刀的握持方式和功能，目前学界有观点认为是“手持收割禾穗的工具”。本文对此观点提出质疑。文章借鉴亚当斯磨制石器研究的方案，通过对考古材料实际观察与测量，发现绝大多数梭形石刀是用火山凝灰岩中的晶屑凝灰岩制成，宽度在20-30mm之间，厚度在4-10mm之间，尺寸很小，并不利于徒手握持使用。对梭形石刀工艺设计分析则表明，之所以选择晶屑凝灰岩生产梭形石刀，是因为遗址所在区域分布有大量火山凝灰岩露头，使用它可以节约原料的获取与运输成本，且它的颗粒状结构有利于梭形石刀在制作与使用过程中刃部发育成锯齿，利于割锯动作进行；梭形石刀保存状况较差，且宽度、厚度以及宽/厚的数值波动很小，反映它很可能是作为高使用强度的日常定型工具使用的；刃角普遍较钝的状况暗示梭形石刀需要的不是锋利的刃部，而是呈锯齿状的刃缘，便于锯割；梭形石刀有至少一个尖部，且考古标本的尖部磨耗程度一般较刃部为高，表明梭形石刀在使用过程中常常要利用尖部及周围刃缘进行刺割，倘若它被用来收割谷物，磨耗严重的应该是它的刃部；一些梭形石刀刀背中央有意设计出一个凹缺，倘若是手持使用，制作凹缺这一行为将得不到很好地解释。通过实验考古学研究发现，梭形石刀应该采用夹持装柄的握持方式，可以利用凹缺作为制动装备更好地固定梭形石刀，同时也增加握持面积，有利于使用者更好地发力，而一旦在使用过程中刀身松动或发生损坏，它的更替也十分简单方便。梭形石刀可以很好地满足加工处理植物纤维、切割蔬菜瓜果与木作，此外亦可以用以收割谷物、与分割除动物外皮与筋腱的新鲜肉食活动。考虑到与梭形石刀共出有石镰、蚌刀、长方形穿孔石刀等可被用以收割的农业工具，在与民族学材料及其它夏家店下层文化梭形石刀材料对比后，进一步支持实验考古与考古材料分析所作出的结论。鉴于石器功能处于不断变化的过程中，本文借鉴人工制品生命史理论，对KDⅠ出土梭形石刀所处生命史阶段做出推断，以期对梭形石刀从生产、使用到废弃过程中行使的功能做出全面推断，借以明晰古人的行为方式分析显示梭形石刀的使用过程包括制作、初始使用、再利用三个阶段。更多还原

【Abstract】 Dashanqian Site is located at Harqin Qi, Inner Mongolia.In1996and1997archaeologists excavated Locality Ⅰof the site(KDⅠ), where they found richarchaeological remains, that belong to Lower Xiajiadian Culture. Spindle-shapedknives, a characteristic stone tool, were unearthed in KDⅠ. There are sixty-threespindle-shaped knives, including two blanks, five complete specimens and fifty-sixbroken ones together. Similar to other Lower Xiajiadian Culture sites, archaeologistsalso found a large number of polished spades, aves, sickles made by stone or shell,other shapes of knives, chipped hoes, manos and metates and so on. These tools mightbe used in agricultural activities. It implies that spindle-shaped knives may be a kindof important tools in daily life other than agricultural activities during the period ofLower Xiajiadian Culture.But what’s the function and holding method about spindle-shaped knives?Scholars generally thought they were hand-held tools which were used to harvestmillet. This paper questioned this point of view. Referring to Adams’s researchmethodology about ground stone tools, I observed and measured archaeologicalrecords, finding that the major of spindle-shaped knives were made of crystallized tuff,one kind of cinerites. There ate many sources of cinerites in the area. This situationreduces the cost in procuring and transporting materials. Also, the grained texture ofcinerites was suitable to develop serrated edge in manufacturing and using processes.Considering the design of spindle-shaped knives, we could find why ancient peoplecose cinerites to manufacture spindle-knives. The width was between20to30mm,the thickness was between4to10mm. The variability of width, thickness, the rationbetween width and thickness are small. It indicates that spindle-shaped knives mightbe formal tools, used in everyday activities in high intensity. The size ofspindle-shaped knives was so small that they couldn’t be used with hand-holding.The angle of edge is blunt, which indicates that the major function of spindle-shapedknives might not be cutting. Each specimen had one heavily worn tip at least. If they were harvesting tools, use-wear should be heavily developed in the edge. Somespecimens are designed one notch in the back of knife intentionally. It could befunctioned as a brake. It not only helped fixed knife but also increased the area ofholding. If the knife was broken or loosed, it was convenient to maintain andrejuvenate.Through experiments and ethnological analogies, it proposes that the primary useof spindle-shaped knives should be piercing-cutting and sawing-cutting on maderatelyhard materials,such as processing fibers of plants, cutting fruits and vegetables,working wood. The secondary use of them might be harvesting millet, cutting freshmeats except hides and sinews.At last, it discusses the life history of spindle-shaped knives. This research showsthat spindles-shaped knives likely changed their function through manufacturing,using and abandoning processes.更多还原