【作者】 杨静；

【导师】 吴良欢； 陈一定；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 农业资源利用， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 为评价连续覆膜旱作及控释包膜尿素对稻田土壤肥力及水稻营养特性的影响,分别从2001年、2008年起在浙江省金华市兰溪墩头镇(金衢盆地)和2010年在杭州市余杭区径山镇(平原地区)进行水稻覆膜旱作及控释包膜尿素试验。结果如下：1.与水作相比,在等氮量连续10年覆膜旱作情况下,水稻成熟期地上部总氮量提高了3.0%,总磷量吸收量降低了5.8%,而总量钾吸收量差别不大；覆膜旱作使水稻有效穗数增加了15.0%,而穗粒数和结实率分别降低了5.7%和3.2%,产量差异不显著。与裸地旱作相比,覆膜旱作使水稻成熟期地上部氮、磷、钾总吸收量分别增加了11.9%、8.4%和5.6%,有效穗数、每穗实粒数及结实率分别增加了29.9%、7.2%和4.2%,产量显著增加了6.1%。秸秆还田有利于覆膜旱作稻地上部养分含量和产量全面提高。连续10年覆膜旱作稻产量结果表明,各处理产量的年际变化较大,这可能是因为不同年份的生长环境发生变化导致的。从2001年开始,水稻产量先增加后降低,以2003年产量最高,2004年开始下滑,到2007年又略有回升,2010年又有所下降,其中以裸地旱作处理下降最为严重。连续覆膜旱作对土壤养分含量有较为明显的影响,导致土壤有机质含量呈下降趋势,2010年收获期覆膜旱作秸秆还田和不还田处理土壤有机质含量分别比2001年同期降低了23.7%和27.6%；传统水作降低了12.1%和16.1%；裸地旱作降低了8.3%和9.7%。覆膜旱作处理的2010年收获期土壤有机质比传统水作和裸地旱作分别降低了5.6%和2.2%。覆膜旱作比传统水作稻田土壤有效磷和速效钾的含量增加了23.1%和18.3%,碱解氮含量降低了10.4%；与裸地旱作相比,覆膜旱作使土壤有效磷和速效钾含量降低了6.6%和6.4%,碱解氮差异不明显。稻田土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量在秸秆还田后比不还田显著增加了6.4%、7.7%、8.5%和87.1%。因此,秸秆还田有利于覆膜旱作稻田土壤养分含量的全面提高,具有明显的培肥作用。3.控释包膜尿素是养分释放速率与作物需肥规律相协调的一类新型肥料,与普通尿素相比可以增加水稻的有效穗数、结实率、产量和氮肥利用率。兰溪墩头点,在连续覆膜旱作和传统水作3年后,树脂包膜尿素处理的水稻有效穗数、每穗实粒数和结实率平均比普通尿素处理分别提高了4.9%、6.0%和2.4%,产量显著提高7.5%,氮肥农学效率和氮肥利用率分别增加了3.3%和13.9%个百分点。包膜尿素对连续覆膜旱作造成的稻田土壤肥力退化现象有一定的缓解作用,但短期试验效果不是十分明显,还有待进行长期试验。余杭径山点,在等氮量覆膜旱作和传统水作条件下,一次性基施硫磺加树脂双包膜尿素较分次施用普通尿素处理有效穗数和每穗实粒数平均显著增加了24.8%和17.9%,产量显著提高7.7%。氮肥农学效率和氮肥利用率分别显著提高了3.1%和22.8%。更多还原

【Abstract】 Long-term experiments were conducted to study the effects of continuous plastic film mulching and controlled-release coated urea on paddy soil fertility properties and nutrition uptake of rice on different soils under non-flooding condition. The experiments started in 2001 and 2008 at Duntou Town of Jinhua city (Jin Qu basin) and in 2010 at Jingshan Town of Yuhang (plain region) in Zhejiang Province, China with one rice crop annually. The results were as follows:1. Compared with traditional flooding management (TF), rice at mature period absorbed more nitrogen by 3.0%, phosphorus by 5.8%, there’s no difference in potassium uptake, the rice fertile panicle were significantly increased by 15.0% and the number of grain per ear, filled grain reduced by 5.7% and 3.2% respectively, there’s no significant difference with grain yields under non-flooding plastic film mulching condition (PM) at the same amount of nitrogen. Compared with non-flooded and no plastic film mulching cultivation (UM) at mature period, rice uptook more nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by 11.9%,8.4% and 5.6%, the rice fertile panicle, filled grain, filled grain rate and the grain yields were increased by 29.9%,7.2%,4.2% and 6.1%. Rice straw incorporation could promote the nutrient content in shoot of rice and grain yields. After continuous 10 years PM the grain yields in different years showed great differences for the growing environment changed. The results showed that the grain yields increased from 2001, and the highest one were in 2003, decreased from 2004 to 2006, but increased in 2007, and reduced in 2010, the UM were the worst one. Continuous non-flooded plastic film mulching influenced the soil chemical characteristics more obviously. Continuous PM regime decreased soil organic matter content. After ten years application, the soil organic matter content under straw returned or not in PM decreased by 23.7% and 27.6%, in TF by 12.1% and 16.1%, in UM by 8.3% and 9.7% compared with the harvest stage in 2001. The soil organic matter content in PM reduced by 5.6% and 2.2% in contrast with TF and UM. The PM increased soil available P and available K by 23.1% and 18.3% and decreased soil hydrolysis N by 10.4%. Compared with UM, the PM decreased the soil available P and available K by 6.6% and 6.4%, and soil hydrolysis N were almost not be affected. Rice straw returned increased the paddy soil organic matter content, hydrolysis N, available P and available K by 6.4%, 7.7%,8.5% and 87.1% than no straw returned. Therefore, rice straw returned was important to enhance paddy soil fertility under continuous PM regime.3. The nutrient release pace of controlled-released coated urea could coordinate with the law of crop needing. Compared with prilled urea (PU), polymer-coated urea (PCU) improved the rice fertile panicle, filled grain rate, grain yields and nitrogen use efficiencies. On average, the rice fertile panicle, filled grain and filled grain rate were increased by 4.9%,6.0% and 2.4% with PCU under TF and PM compared with PU after three years at Duntou town. Meanwhile, the grain yields, agronomic nitrogen use efficiencies and nitrogen use efficiencies were significantly improved by 7.5%,3.3% and 13.9%. Controlled-release coated urea were in certain release effects on rice paddy soil fertility degradation phenomenon caused by PM, and the effects of short-term test were not very apparent, so long-term tests are necessary. At Jingshan town the rice fertile panicle, filled grain, grain yields, agronomic nitrogen use efficiencies and nitrogen use efficiencies were notably increased by 24.8%, 17.9%,7.7%,3.1% and 22.8% under single basal application of sulfur-polyester resin-coated urea (SPCU) compared with prilled urea (PU).更多还原