【作者】 赵娟；

【导师】 周歧存；

【作者基本信息】 广东海洋大学 ， 水产养殖， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 本文研究了鸡肉粉、肉骨粉单一蛋白源,以及鸡肉粉和发酵豆粕,肉骨粉和发酵豆粕复合蛋白源在军曹鱼饲料中替代鱼粉的应用情况。分别设计了四个等氮等能的实验,用这四种单一或复合蛋白源替代不同比例的鱼粉,并探讨这四种蛋白源对军曹鱼生长性能、饲料利用和非特异性免疫指标的影响,以期确定在军曹鱼饲料中这四种蛋白源替代鱼粉的适宜比例。试验结果如下:1.为评估鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对军曹鱼生长性能、饲料利用及非特异性免疫指标的影响,进行了为期10周的生长实验。实验配制6种等氮等能饲料(粗蛋白质45%,粗脂肪11%),鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的比例分别为0%(P0)、15%(P15)、30%(P30)、45%(P45)、60%(P60)及60%+蛋氨酸(P60+M)。实验用鱼初始体重为5.77±0.08g。结果表明鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的比例达到60%时并未对军曹鱼的生长及成活产生负面影响,各组增重率和成活率无显著差异(P>0.05);鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的比例超过30%的处理组饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著高于对照组及15%替代组(P<0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对军曹鱼肥满度、脏体比和肠脂比的影响不显著(P>0.05),然而替代量超过45%的处理组肝体比显著高于其它替代组和对照组(P<0.05)。在鱼体成分指标方面,全鱼的水分、脂肪、灰分、钙和磷含量不受饲料中鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例的影响(P>0.05),但对照组全鱼蛋白质含量显著高于其它处理(P<0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对军曹鱼血液总蛋白、甘油三酯、胆固醇、血红蛋白、红细胞总数、血细胞比容和总的免疫球蛋白的影响不显著(P>0.05),然而军曹鱼血糖随着鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例的增加出现不规则的升高,其中对照组血糖显著低于60%替代组(P<0.05)。在肝脏酶活力指标方面,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)等不受饲料中鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例的影响,各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。以蛋白质效率为指标,根据二次回归方程确定饲料中鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的最适比例为30.75%,在高替代组(60%组)添加蛋氨酸可以改善军曹鱼对鸡肉粉的利用。2.为评估肉骨粉替代鱼粉对军曹鱼生长性能、饲料利用及非特异性免疫指标的影响,进行了为期10周的生长实验。实验配制6种等氮等能饲料(粗蛋白45%,脂肪11%),肉骨粉替代鱼粉的比例分别为0%(M0)、15%(M15)、30%(M30)、45%(M45)、60%(M60)及60%+蛋氨酸(M60+M)。实验用鱼初始体重为5.77±0.03g。结果表明各组在存活率上未产生显著性差异,但随着肉骨粉替代鱼粉比例的增加,增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著降低,M60+M相对于M60生长效果有显著提高(P<0.05)。在形态学指标方面,除了肝体比以外,肥满度、脏体比和肠脂比都与对照组有显著性差异(P>0.05)。在鱼体成分指标方面,全鱼的水分、脂肪、灰分和磷含量没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但随着肉骨粉替代量的增加,钙含量出现不规则的升高,而粗蛋白质含量明显下降(P<0.05)。在血液指标方面,血清总蛋白、甘油三酯、胆固醇、血红蛋白、红细胞总数、血细胞比容和总的免疫球蛋白都没有显著性差异(P>0.05),只有血糖在对照组M0出现最大值(P<0.05)。在肝脏酶活力指标方面,过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)都没有明显差异(P>0.05),而M30和M60+M组的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)数值明显高于其他饲料组,M60组的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力显著低于比其他实验组(P<0.05)。本试验结果表明,军曹鱼不能有效利用本实验中的肉骨粉作为蛋白源,在高替代组添加蛋氨酸可以改善军曹鱼对肉骨粉的利用。3.为评估鸡肉粉和发酵豆粕复合替代鱼粉对军曹鱼生长性能、饲料利用及非特异性免疫指标的影响,进行了为期8周的生长实验。实验配制6种等氮等能饲料(粗蛋白45%,脂肪11%),鸡肉粉和发酵豆粕复合蛋白替代鱼粉的比例分别为0%(PFM0)、20%(PFM20)、0%(PFM40)、60%(PFM60)、80%(PFM80)及100%(PFM100)。除对照组PFM0外,每一组都额外添加晶体蛋氨酸,以期饲料中蛋氨酸水平与对照组含量相同。实验用鱼初始体重为3.81±0.12g。结果表明除最高替代组PFM100外,其他实验处理各组存活率都较高。末体重随着替代量的增加出现明显的下降(P<0.05)。当替代比例不超过20%时,PFM20与对照组的增重率和特定生长率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。当鱼粉替代量小于40%时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率都无显著性差异(P>0.05)。当鸡肉粉和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉的比例低于20%时,PFM20和对照组PFM0的肥满度没有显著差异(P>0.05)。肝体比和脏体比都在最高替代组有最大值(P<0.05)。随着复合蛋白源替代量的增加,肠脂比呈明显下降趋势(P<0.05)。在全鱼体成分中除水分和粗脂肪不受复合蛋白源替代比例的影响外,粗蛋白质、灰分、钙和磷含量都出现明显差异(P<0.05)。粗蛋白质在最高替代组出现最小值(P<0.05)。当替代量低于60%,灰分和磷含量在各组间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。钙含量在替代量低于40%时,无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着替代比例的升高,胆固醇的含量明显下降,PFM80和PFM100与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。当替代量不超过60%时,甘油三酯的水平在各组间无明显差异(P>0.05)。血糖和总蛋白含量不受复合蛋白替代比例的影响(P>0.05)。鸡肉粉和发酵豆粕复合蛋白源替代比例的不同对军曹鱼肝脏酶活指标没有产生显著性影响,也没有任何规律性变化趋势(P>0.05)。以特定生长率为指标,根据折线模型确定,饲料中鸡肉粉和发酵豆粕复合替代不超过31.20%的鱼粉蛋白时,军曹鱼的特定生长率与对照组的水平相当。4.为评估肉骨粉和发酵豆粕复合蛋白源替代鱼粉对军曹鱼生长性能、饲料利用及非特异性免疫指标的影响,进行了为期8周的生长实验。实验配制6种等氮等能饲料(粗蛋白45%,脂肪10%),肉骨粉和发酵豆粕复合替代鱼粉的比例分别为0%(MFM0)、20%(MFM20)、40%(MFM40)、60%(MFM60)、80%(MFM80)及100%(MFM100)。除对照组MFM0外,每一组都额外添加晶体蛋氨酸,以期各饲料中蛋氨酸水平与对照组含量相同。实验用鱼初始体重为3.46±0.11g。(从实验第四周起最高替代组MFM100便出现陆续死亡,在养殖试验结束时,已全部死亡。以下不做MFM100的讨论)结果表明增重率随着替代量的增加,出现明显的下降趋势。存活率在替代量为80%时出现最小值(P<0.05)。饲料效率、蛋白质效率和特定生长率有相同的趋势,都在替代量不超过20%时,各指标与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。在形态学指标中,除肝体比无显著差异外(P>0.05),肥满度、脏体比和肠脂比都出现明显的差异(P<0.05)。全鱼体成分中除粗脂肪不受复合蛋白源替代比例的影响,其他指标都有显著性差异(P<0.05)。在血液指标方面,胆固醇随复合蛋白源替代比例的增加,出现明显的下降趋势(P<0.05),血糖、甘油三酯和总蛋白不受替代比例的影响(P>0.05)。肝脏中酶活指标不受军曹鱼饲料中肉骨粉和发酵豆粕复合替代比例的影响(P>0.05)。以特定生长率为指标,肉骨粉和发酵豆粕复合替代鱼粉的比例以不超过20%合适。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the studies, feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of replacement of fish meal with several animal and plant protein sources such as poultry by-product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), mixture protein source of poultry by-product meal and fermented soybean meal (PFM), and mixture protein source of meat and bone meal and fermented soybean meal (MFM) on growth performance, feed utilization and immunological indexes for junvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). The results can be briefly stated as follows.1. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential use of poultry by-product meal (PBM) that could replace fish meal (FM) protein in formulated diets for junvenile cobia with an initial average weight of about 5.77±0.08 g/fish. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (approximately 45% crude protein, and 11% crude lipid) were formulated to include 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 60% of FM being substituted by PBM, and the last diet supplemented with methionine (diets P0, P15, P30, P45, P60 and P60+M, respectively). The results showed that there were not significant effect on survival rate, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of juvenile cobia when the PBM replce 60% FM (P>0.05), while feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed diets P30, P45 and P60+M were significantly higher than fish fed other diets (P<0.05). There were no significant differences observed in condition factor (CF), viserosomatic index (VSI) and intraperitoneal fat ratio (IFR) (P > 0.05), while hepatosomatic index (HSI) showed significantly higher when PBM replaced 45% FM (P<0.05). The carcass composition of fish were not observed significant differences in moisture, crude lipid, ash, calcium and phosphorus content among fish fed different trail diets (P>0.05), but the crude protein content of fish fed the control diet (P0) was significantly higher than fish fed other diets (P<0.05). All of the plasma constituents, haematological characteristics and enzyme activities were not significantly affected by the proportion of PBM protein (P>0.05) in the experimental diets, except the plasma glucose content which presented the significantly lowest value in fish fed the control diet (P0) compared with other diets (P<0.05). Results of this trail indicated that the optimum level of FM protein replacement with PBM, determined by a quadratic regression analysis on protein efficiency was 30.75%, and the crystalline methionine can improve the utilization of PBM for juvenile cobia.2. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential use of meat and bone meal (MBM) that could replace fish meal (FM) protein in formulated diets for junvenile cobia with an initial average weight of about 5.77±0.03 g/fish. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (approximately 45% crude protein, and 11% crude lipid) were formulated to include 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 60% of FM being substituted by MBM, and the last diet supplemented with methionine (diets M0, M15, M30, M45, M60 and M60+M, respectively). The results showed that there were not significant effect on survival rate (P>0.05), but the weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were decreased with the level of FM protein replaced by MBM increased (P<0.05), while the highest replacement with methionine supplementation showed significantly better effect than without on growth. There were significant differences observed in condition factor (CF), viserosomatic index (VSI) and intraperitoneal fat ratio (IFR) (P<0.05), except hepatosomatic index (HSI) in morphological index. In whole body composition, there were no significant differences in the moisture, crude lipid, ash and phosphorus content (P>0.05), but the calcium content increased irregularly and the crude protein content reduced obviously with the increasing proportion of MBM (P<0.05). All of the plasma constituents and hematological characteristics were not significantly affected by the proportion of MBM protein in the experimental diets, except the plasma glucose content which presented the significantly highest value in fish fed the control diet (M0) compared with other diets (P<0.05). The catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) showed no significant difference in enzyme activities in liver (P>0.05), but the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were affected by the level of the MBM replacement of FM obviously (P<0.05). Results of this trail indicated that the MBM can not replace FM partly, and the crystalline methionine can improve the utilization of MBM for juvenile cobia.3. An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential use of a mixture of poultry by-product meal (PBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSM) (PFM ,1:1 on a crude protein basis) that could replace fish meal (FM) in formulated diets for juvenile cobia with an initial average weight of about 3.81±0.12g/fish. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (approximately 45% crude protein, and 11% crude lipid) were formulated to include 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and100% of FM being substituted by PFM (diets PFM0, PFM20, PFM40, PFM60, PFM80 and PFM100, respectively), and all of the diets supplemented with methionine to close to the control diet, except the control diet PFM0. The results showed that survival rate was high in this study except the PFM100 (P<0.05). The final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) all declined with the increasing proportion of PFM in diet (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in WG and specific growth rate (SGR) when less than 20% FM replaced by PFM, also in FER and PER when less than 40% (P>0.05). It showed no obviously significant difference in condition factor (CF), when replaced less than 20% FM (P>0.05), while the viserosomatic index (VSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) had the same trend that they had the maximum value when FM protein totally replaced by PFM (P<0.05). The intraperitoneal fat ratio (IFR) was observed significantly declined with the increasing proportion of PFM (P<0.05). The carcass composition of fish were showed significant differences in crude protein, ash, calcium and phosphorus content among fish fed different trail diets (P<0.05), but the moisture and crude protein content were not affected by the level of replacement (P>0.05). There were significant differences in cholesterin and triglyceride in plasma of fish fed different diets (P<0.05), while the plasma glucose and total protein were not affected by the different diets (P>0.05).The enzyme activities in liver were not significantly affected by the proportion of PFM in the experimental diets (P>0.05). Results of this trail indicated that the level of PFM can replace less than 31.2% FM without negative effect on the growth of juvenile cobia compared with the control diet, determined by a broken-line model analysis on special growth rate.4. An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential use of a mixture of meat and bone meal (MBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSM) (MFM, 1:1 on a crude protein basis) that could replace fish meal (FM) in formulated diets for junvenile cobia with an initial average weight of about 3.46±0.11g/fish. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (approximately 45% crude protein, and 10% crude lipid) were formulated to include 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of FM being substituted by MFM (diets MFM0, MFM20, MFM40, MFM60, MFM80 and MFM100, respectively), and all of the diets supplemented with methionine to close to the control diet, except the control diet MFM0 (The fish fed diet MFM100 died one after another since the forth week, and finally full of death when the trail finished, then there was no discussion about MFM100 as follows) .The results showed that survival rate has the lowest value when MFM replace 80% FM (P<0.05). The weight gain (WG) showed significantly declined with the increasing proportion of MFM in diet (P<0.05). The feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and special growth rate (SGR) had the same trend that there were no obviously significant differences the level of MFM replace less than 20% FM (P>0.05). The condition factor (CF), viserosomatic index (VSI) and intraperitoneal fat ratio (IFR) were observed significant differences in morphological index (P<0.05), except the hepatosomatic index (HSI). The carcass composition of fish were showed significant differences in moisture, crude lipid, ash, calcium and phosphorus content among fish fed different trail diets (P<0.05), but the crude protein content were not affected by the level of replacement (P>0.05). There were significantly decreased in cholesterin with the increasing proportion of MFM (P<0.05), but the plasma glucose, triglyceride and total protein were not affected by the different diet (P>0.05). The enzyme activities in liver were not significantly affected by the proportion of MFM in the trail diets (P>0.05). Results of this trail indicated that the level of MFM can replace less than 20% FM without negative effect in growth performance for juvenile cobia.更多还原