【作者】 杨慧；

【导师】 钟甫宁；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 产业经济学， 2011， 硕士

【副题名】基于中间收入阶层居民劳动收入差距的研究

【摘要】 我国90年代初期开始发生大规模的劳动力转移,尤其是农村劳动力向非农产业转移。理论上大规模的农村劳动力进入原本由城市劳动力垄断的非农产业的劳动力市场,能够使城市劳动力供给曲线右移,要素均衡价格下降,农村劳动力市场供给曲线左移,要素均衡价格上升,从而降低城市劳动收入,提高农村劳动收入,起到收敛城乡收入差距的作用。但是,统计数据显示,中国农村劳动力自由流动并没有伴随着城乡收入差距趋同,反而以城乡家庭人均收入之比衡量的城乡收入差距从1985年的最低点1.86持续上升到2010年的3.231。劳动力市场调节收入的机制在中国失灵了?本文认为利用理论解释经济现象时我们忽视了理论上劳动力转移缩小城乡收入差距作用机制一个前提条件是：要素同质,即城乡劳动力同质。而事实上,我国城乡劳动力素质的巨大差异的确难以满足要素同质的假定,这可能导致我们错误的认为劳动力市场失灵了,它无法通过劳动力转移调节收入。因此,验证劳动力市场是否失灵必须保证劳动力要素同质的假定。劳动力要素同质可以视作劳动力的人力资本相同,通常人力资本与收入正相关,所以本丈剔除高低收入组,即剔除高人力资本和低人力资本人群,仅以中间收入阶层的居民为研究对象,尽量减弱人力资本异质性的影响。本文最终在劳动力同质的条件下,证明了中间收入阶层居民的城乡家庭劳动收入在收敛,即说明劳动力市场调节收入的机制没有失灵。既然劳动力市场有效,为什么城乡家庭收入没有显示趋同,城乡家庭人均收入差距仍在扩大?有什么因素阻碍劳动力转移通过劳动力市场缩小城乡家庭人均收入差距?本文接着探讨阻碍因素的作用,并主要分析了劳动力异质性、非劳动收入和物质资本投资变化的阻碍作用。非劳动收入差距可能会抵消劳动力转移带来的劳动收入差距的缩小效果,从而影响总收入的收敛效果；物质资本投资的变化通过改变劳动力市场的需求曲线,不同程度的减弱劳动力转移改变供给曲线带来的收敛效果。即使在有效的劳动力市场条件下,这两种因素仍然会发挥作用,所以本文的研究对政策制定者的参考意义在于：单靠完善劳动力市场,依靠劳动力市场调节城乡收入差距,不足以达到预期的效果,在我国今后一段时期内,必须配套实施其它政策措施以显著缩小城乡收入差距。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the 1990s, there has been a large scale of labor migration in China, especially migration from the rural area to the cities, and the middle and west area of China to the eastern coastal cities. Since the theories of microeconomics tell that the increase of labor in the labor market could move the labor supply curve to the right which decreases the labor price in the market, we can know that when the cheap rural labors enter the urban labor market, the price of the urban labors will decrease whereas the price of the rural labors will increase. Hence, since the labor migration, the income gap of the rural and urban families will get smaller and smaller. But the fact is that since the year 1985, the income gap has been keeping going up in China. Does China’s fact prove that the theories are wrong? Then why did not the income gap between the rural and urban families shrink since the large-scale labor migration?Well, while we were talking about the theories of the labor market, most of us have forgotten the potential precondition of the mechanism—rural labors entering the labor market must the same as the urban ones. This is a very crucial condition especially in China while the farmers who stay on the farm and can not find a job in the city obviously have low human capital while rich people in the city always own high human capital. So is the paradox of labor migration and shrinking of income gap between the urban and rural area in China due to the deep gap in human capital? So this paper is to deal with the question—does the labor migration paradox happen in China because of the great difference of human capital in China.To deal with this question, we choose to only consider the middle income group of the people for the following reasons:the low income group almost consists of the labors from the rural area who only do farm work and own absolutely low human capital, and because of their low endowment, they can not compete with labors in the city thus the labor market mechanism will not work; the high income group almost consisting of the city people always have high human capital which the entering labors from the rural area can not compete with thus the labor market mechanism also fails to shrink the income gap between them.Another question while dealing with the question is that labor migration can only adjust the labor income of the family. But the household income can come from other sources like capital income, all kinds of transfer payment, and also the labor number of the family will have an impact on the per capita labor income.更多还原