非营利组织经营管理的探索

【作者】 李霞；

【导师】 杨丹；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 工商管理， 2009， 硕士

【副题名】基于四川抗震救灾志愿者服务的调查研究

【摘要】 随着全球人口、贫困和环境问题的日益突出,人们发现仅仅依靠传统的政府和市场两级还无法解决人类的可持续发展问题。NGO应运而生并迅速成长为社会新的组织形式,成为重要的社会力量。中国的非营利组织自20世纪90年代中期以来,伴随着经济体制转轨和社会转型,得到了迅速的发展。非营利组织的发展,创造了公民互助的组织形式和参与方式,其作用不仅可以弥补政府在某些公共服务领域的“真空”,也弥补了市场在公平方面的失效,而且十分有助于推动互助、互惠、互信的社会信任体系的建立,这是现代文明社会必不可少的。尽管非营利组织已经成为我国社会经济发展中的一支重要力量,但和国外非营利组织相比,和正在兴起并日趋完善的市场经济的发展相比,和改革开放中社会巨大变迁带来的需求相比,中国非营利组织还存在4个不足,即资源不足、能力不足、支持体系不足、税收措施优惠不足；3个缺乏,即缺乏自治、缺乏相关的法律保障和监管、缺乏竞争；1个不平衡,即发展不平衡等8个方面的问题。而究其原因,除了非营利组织自身的治理和能力建设不足外,还存在基本价值与制度构建的双重缺陷、自身理念的缺乏和政府改革的滞后效应。同时,我们还要用经营企业的理念去经营NGO,因为他们的财务制度、项目投资(资助项目)、项目融资(募款)等都和企业有很多共通之处。如果NGO的领导者缺乏这种经营管理理念,那么NGO的发展就会止步于成长过程中的某个阶段,而无法继续前进。作为一个非营利组织,如何吸引及留住更多的成员或捐赠人?如何同你的支持者维持更好的关系?如何鼓励更多的、更忠诚的捐赠?如何招募更多的志愿者?如何在你的组织中建立更大的信任?如何在竞争中脱颖而出?NGO品牌的打造和优化将会提升其组织的知名度,改变你潜在客户和支持者对你的认知,可以使他们对你保持忠诚,也能帮助你教育潜在的合作伙伴和捐献者；加强NGO绩效的管理,通过建立一个多重的绩效预算评价指标体系和人力资源管理体系来有效地利用组织资源完成组织使命,努力为社会公众服务、提高其组织在社会公众中的满意度；针对NGO财务的4大特征,即顾客不是主要的资金来源、所有权形式特殊、责权利分配不明、不存在利润指标等,本着诚信、制约、透明的管理理念来加强组织的收支管理,从而提高组织的公信度,增强组织的筹资能力。因此,在科学发展,构建和谐社会中,NGO独有的制度设计、文化建设、价值观念、行业规则、自律准则、项目监督、资源动员等将具有可持续发展性,一定能担当起历史赋予的公益大任,从而无愧于历史,无愧于世界、无愧于未来。本文将结合汶川地震发生后抗震救灾志愿服务团队这个NGO的调查情况,从NGO存在的现状、出现的问题及原因、品牌、绩效、财务管理和可持续发展等六个方面就NGO的经营管理进行阐述,并就下一步NGO的发展提出建议和意见。本文的案例基本来自作者的亲身体验,因此对NGO在此次汶川地震这个突发事件的应对中显现出来的优势和劣势,以及NGO在经营管理中存在的问题及成因有比较深刻的感性认识,但同时也存在研究不够深入,分析不够全面等不足。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the global population, poverty and environmental issues become increasingly prominent, it was discovered that relying solely on traditional government and market levels can not solve the human sustainable development issues.NGO came into being and the rapid growth of new forms of organization for the community as a major social force.Since the 1990s, China’s non-profit organizations has been developing rapidly along with its economic transition and social transformation. The development of non-profit organization, creating mutual form of organization of citizens and participatory approaches, and its role can not only make up for the government in certain public services, the "vacuum", but also compensate market failure in equity, but also it is very helpful to promote the mutual aid, reciprocity, mutual trust and the establishment of social trust system, which is essential for a modern civilized society.Although the non-profit organizations have become an important force in socio-economic development of China, compared with foreign non-profit organizations and the development of market economy which is emerging and increasingly well-developed and the demand of vast social change in reform and opening up, the Chinese non-profit organizations still exist four shortages, namely, the shortage of resources, the shortage of capacity, lack of support system, shortage of preferential tax measures; and three deficiencies, that is, the deficiencies of autonomy and relevant legal safeguards and lack of supervision and deficiency in competition; and there is one ill-balanced, that is, uneven development, which has the eight problems. For the reasons, in addition to the lack of its own’s governance in a non-profit organization and capacity-building of ability, there also exists the dual defects of fundamental values and regulation constructions, and lack of self-concept and the lagged effects of government reforms. At the same time, we should also use the idea of running a business to run NGO, because they have a lot of common in their financial system, the project investment(funded projects),project finance (fundraising)whit enterprises. If the NGO leaders are lack of such a management philosophy, then the development of NGO’s will stop at a certain stage in the process growth.As a non-profit organization, how to attract and retain more of the members or donors? How to maintain a better relationship with your supporters? How to encourage more and more loyal donations? How to recruit more volunteers? How to build greater trust in your organization? How to come to the fore in the competition? Buildings and optimizations of the band NGO will enhance the visibility of their organizations, change your potential customers and supporters’knowledge of you, enable them to remain loyal to you and give them education. Strenghening the NGO performance management, the orgnization’s mission will be achieved and the public’s satisfaction will improve through establishing a multi-evaluation system of performance and human resource management system. For NGO four financial features, namely, that customer is not a major source of funds, the unique characteristics of ownership, Nnclear allocation of rights and responsibilities, no profit targets etc., strengthening the organization’s revenue and expenditure management could enhance public confidence in the organization and enhance the (?)raising capacity. Thus, in scientific development and building a harmonious society, NGO’s unique system design, cultural construction, values, business rules, self-regulatory guidelines, project monitoring, resource mobilization etc., will have sustainable development and certainly be able to assume great responsibility that history has placed.This paper will combine the NGO investigation of volunteer teams after the Wenchuan earthquake, explaining management from the existence of NGO status, problems and causes, brand, performance, financial management and sustainable development. The cases have basically come from the author’s personal experience so that the author has percetual about the NGO’s advantages and disadvantages in response to the Wenchuan earthquake as well as its problems. Meanwhile, maybe there are problems because my study is not deep enough and the analysis is not comprehensive enough.更多还原