刑事被害人国家救助制度研究

【作者】 周建；

【导师】 周帆；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 公共管理， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 现代刑事被害人国家救助制度发端于20世纪中叶的英国,并在新西兰第一次以法律的形式予以固定。此后,无论是多采取判例法的英美法系国家,还是重视成文法的大陆法系国家,以及后起的亚洲国家和地区,都纷纷建立起该制度,逐步改变以往重犯罪嫌疑人和被告人权利保护、轻被害人人权保障的倾向。刑事被害人国家救助制度的学理基础,主要有国家责任学说、社会保险学说、社会福利学说等理论。其中社会福利学说阐明了对刑事被害人予以国家救助的道义性和必要性,并将其作为国家社会福利体系的重要组成部分,为多数国家所采纳。但社会福利学说需要辅以有限国家责任学说来指导实践。考察欧美日发达国家以及我国台湾和香港的先行经验,对构建我国的刑事被害人国家救助制度有启示作用,特别是在搭建被害人救助综合平台、统筹社会救助专门机构与刑事司法专业部门,以及被害人救助对象范围、救助条件、公共财政支撑等方面,都值得学习借鉴。我国尚未出台刑事被害人国家救助制度的全国性法律,专门性刑事被害人国家救助缺乏与一般性社会保障救助的衔接配合,导致两者都不充分；缺少了公安机关参与的检法等司法机关对被害人的救助,注定有滞后性和片面性；付诸实施的救助覆盖面很窄。种种局限表明,“碎片化”的刑事政策制度设计,不适应刑事被害人国家救助制度的实践需要。发展我国刑事被害人国家救助制度,就宏观而言,可以从公共政策的视角予以整体分析,将其作为一项社会综合性工程来统筹思考,通过构建刑事被害人综合救助体系,不仅将公安机关作为其中必不可少的一环,而且要实现专门性刑事被害人国家救助与一般性社会保障救助的有序对接；就微观而言,必须明确专门性刑事被害人国家救助的基本原则,建立起高效便民的分工配合机制,并规范各项运作程序。更多还原

【Abstract】 Modern Criminal Victims Relief System began in the mid-20th century in U.K. And it was fixed in the form of law in New Zealand for the first time. Since then, no matter how common law countries, or civil law countries, as well as the emerging Asian countries and regions have set up the system. And they are gradually paying attention to the protection of human rights of criminal victims.The theoretical foundation of Criminal Victims Relief System is mainly the doctrine of state responsibility, the doctrine of social insurance, the doctrine of social welfare and other theories. The doctrine of social welfare illustrates the moral necessity that the state provides the aid for criminal victims. In the theory, Criminal Victims Relief System is an important part of national social welfare system. For these reasons, the doctrine of social welfare is adopted by most countries. However, in practice, the doctrine of social welfare needs to be complemented by the doctrine of limited state responsibility.In the process of building the Criminal Victims Relief System of China, we can learn from the developed countries and Taiwan and Hong Kong, especially in building the integrated platform of relieving victims, coordinating the specialized agencies of social assistance and the professional department of criminal justice, determining the scope of the relief objects, relief requisites and sources of funding, etc.China hasn’t the national law on criminal victims relief, specifically lacking the coordinating of the Criminal Victims Relief System and the Social Security Assistance System. The justice relief is lag and one-sided because of the lacking of the public security organs. Thus, the coverage of relief is very narrow. Various limitations indicate that the fragmented design of the system of criminal policy, does not meet the need of practice of the Criminal Victims Relief System.We should consider the Criminal Victims Relief System as a social comprehensive project from the perspective of the public policy. By building comprehensive relief system of criminal victims, the public security organs become an essential part of the system, and the Criminal Victims Relief System coordinate with the Social Security Assistance System. Moreover, we need determine the basic principles of the Criminal Victims Relief System, establish highly efficient and convenient mechanism coordinately, and regulate every procedure of operation.更多还原