【作者】 陈勇；

【导师】 杜凡；

【作者基本信息】 西南林业大学 ， 植物学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 龙脑香林是指由龙脑香科树种为上层优势树种所组成的森林。龙脑香科是亚洲热带雨林最为繁茂、最具代表性的植物,龙脑香科树种所组成的高大森林成为这一地区的特征植被。西双版纳自然保护区龙脑香林是20世纪70年代初期发现并引起植物学界极大重视的一种典型热带雨林的代表植被类型,面积约800 ha。铜壁关自然保护区龙脑香林是20世纪50年代由西南林学院专家考察发现的,在那里发育着我国面积最大,分布最集中的龙脑香林,面积约4000 ha。本文选取了这两个最具有典型意义的龙脑香林区,以生长于其中的野生种子植物为研究对象,进行了植物区系的对比研究。西双版纳自然保护区龙脑香林共有种子植物119科390属782种(含种下等级)。其中优势科(含10种及以上的科)为茜草科、桑科、兰科、大戟科、番荔枝科、樟科、夹竹桃科、蝶形花科、楝科、紫金牛科、天南星科、芸香科、爵床科、姜科、萝摩科、棕榈科、葡萄科、马鞭草科、荨麻科、苏木科、梧桐科、胡椒科、壳斗科。优势属(含6种及以上的属)为榕属、木姜子属、胡椒属、崖爬藤属、紫金牛属、瓜馥木属、九节属、龙船花属、蒲桃属、省藤属、藤黄属、崖豆藤属、豆蔻属、杜茎山属、风车子属、黄檀属、栲属、琼楠属、腺萼木属、羊蹄甲属。分布区类型显示,西双版纳自然保护区龙脑香林植物区系热带分布科占73.11%;热带分布属占92.31%,热带成分种占58.70%,该区系以热带成分占优势,属热带性质的植物区系;热带亚洲分布属占总属数的32.82%,热带亚洲分布及其变型的种类占53.20%,带有强烈的印度—马来西亚特色,属于热带亚洲植物区系的一部分。西双版纳自然保护区龙脑香林植物区系尽管以热带成分占绝对优势,但由于其特殊的地理位置,使其龙脑香林植物区系具有明显的热带北缘性质。铜壁关自然保护区龙脑香林共有种子植物115科405属797种(含种下等级)。其中优势科(含10种及以上的科)为兰科、茜草科、番荔枝科、桑科、大戟科、蝶形花科、樟科、姜科、天南星科、夹竹桃科、棕榈科、爵床科、荨麻科、萝摩科、梧桐科、芸香科、楝科、胡椒科、葫芦科、苦苣苔科、苏木科、紫金牛科、马鞭草科、使君子科、防已科。优势属(含6种及以上的属)为榕属、胡椒属、楼梯草属、省藤属、崖豆藤属、风车子属、瓜馥木属、龙船花属、石斛属、黄檀属、蒲桃属、腺萼木属、九节属、芒毛苣苔属、琼楠属、山姜属、羊蹄甲属、紫金牛属。铜壁关自然保护区龙脑香林的种子植物区系中,热带分布科占73.91%,热带分布属占93.33%,故该区系以热带成分占优势,属热带性质的植物区系。其中以热带亚洲分布属最多,占总属数的34.07%,以热带亚洲分布类型及其变型的种占优势,占总种数的52.20%,这显示铜壁关自然保护区龙脑香林植物区系带有热带亚洲植物区系的特点。铜壁关自然保护区龙脑香林处于东南亚热带北缘,在科和属的分布区类型构成上,都有约10%的温带成分,在种的分布区类型构成上,有17%以上的温带成分,这些说明铜壁关自然保护区植物区系具有明显的热带北缘性质。通过比较,两地种子植物区系有以下一些比较特征:(1)两地龙脑香林都具有较高的物种丰富度,但是两地的裸子植物较贫乏,西双版纳自然保护区龙脑香林内仅2科2属2种,铜壁关自然保护区龙脑香林内仅2科2属4种。从物种丰富度上看,铜壁关自然保护区龙脑香林的丰富度高于西双版纳。(2)两地都具有高比例的单种科(只含1种)、单种属(只含1种)、寡种科(含2~9种)和寡种属(2~5种),这说明两地的植物区系贫乏。(3)在分布区类型中,无论是在属级水平还是在种级水平上,两个地区的热带亚洲分布型都占据了最高的比例,这说明两地的种子植物区系与热带亚洲在历史上的渊源。西双版纳自然保护区龙脑香林种的热带成分高于铜璧关自然保护区龙脑香林,温带成分低于铜璧关自然保护区龙脑香林,表明在种级水平上西双版纳自然保护区龙脑香林现代种子植物区系与热带植物区系的亲缘关系更密切。(4)两地共有的种子植物有109科320属522种,且两地的科、属相似性系数很高,且相似性程度,依科、属、种的水平依次递减,表明两地种子植物区系的来源是相同的,而现代种子植物区系的联系减弱了。(5)西双版纳自然保护区龙脑香林现代种子植物区系与中南半岛植物区系联系紧密,而铜壁关自然保护区龙脑香林现代种子植物区系与东喜马拉雅植物区系联系紧密。更多还原

【Abstract】 Dipterocarp forest is used to signify that the species from the Dipterocarpaceae is dominant in the composition of the upper forest. The species of the Dipterocarpaceae are the most luxuriant and representative in the tropical rain forests in Asia. Dipterocarp forest in Xishuangbanna nature reserve was typical tropical rain forest vegetation which was found in 1970s and caused great attention in the plant realm. Its area is about 800 hectare. Dipterocarp forest in Tongbiguan nature reserve was found by the experts of Southwest Forestry University in 1950s. There is the biggest area with about 4000 hectare and the most centralized distribution in China. This paper selected the two typical regions of the Dipterocarp forest, studied on the wilding seed plants which growed there and researched into their flora.There were 119 families, 390 genera and 782 spieces (including subspecies) of seed plants in the Dipterocarp forest of Xishuangbanna nature reserve. The dominant families (contains 10 species and more) were: Rubiaceae, Moraceae, Orchidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Apocynaceae, Papilionaceae, Meliaceae, Myrsinaceae, Araceae, Rutaceae, Acanthaceae, Zingiberaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Palmae, Vitaceae, Verbenaceae, Urticaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Sterculiaceae, Piperaceae, Fagaceae. The dominant genera which contained more than 6 species were: Ficus, Litsea, Lindera, Tetrastigma, Ardisia, Fissistigma, Psychotria, Ixora, Syzygium, Calamus, Garcinia, Millettia, Amomum, Maesa, Combretum, Dalbergia, Castanopsis, Beilschmiedia, Mycetia, Bauhinia. According to the distributional pattern, it showed that the families of tropical distribution took up 73.11%, with genera of tropical distribution accounting for 92.31% and species of tropical distribution accounting for 58.70% in the Dipterocarp forest of Xishuangbanna nature reserve. The flora of seed plant in the Dipterocarp forest of Xishuangbanna nature reserve was belonged to tropical flora because of the dominant composition of the tropical flora. At the level of genus, Tropical Asia type occupied 32.82% of the total number of genera. At the level of species, Tropical Asia type occupied 53.20% of the total number of species. With the strong Indo-Malesia characteristic, it showed that the flora belonged to one part of tropical Asia. Whereas the especial location in Xishuangbanna, this forest flora is showed the distinct character with northern margin of tropical SE Asia.There were 115 families, 405 genera and 797 spieces (including subspecies) of seed plants in the Dipterocarp forest of Tongbiguan nature reserve. The dominant families (contains more than 10) were: Orchidaceae, Rubiaceae, Annonaceae, Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Papilionaceae, Lauraceae, Zingiberaceae, Araceae, Apocynaceae, Palmae, Acanthaceae, Urticaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Sterculiaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Piperaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Gesneriaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Myrsinaceae, Verbenaceae, Combretaceae, Menispermaceae. The genera that contained more than 6 species were: Ficus, Piper, Elatostema, Calamus, Millettia, Combretum, Fissistigma, Ixora, Dendrobium, Dalbergia , Syzygium, Mycetia, Psychotria, Aeschynanthus, Beilschmiedia, Alpinia, Bauhinia, Ardisia. In the floristic composition of this forest, the families of tropical distribution make up 73.91%; the genera of tropical distribution make up 93.33%. So the flora of seed plants in the Dipterocarp forest of Tongbiguan nature reserve was belonged to tropical flora, because of the dominant composition of the tropical flora. In the genera distributional pattern ,the genera of Tropical Asia is the most type with 34.07%. In the species distributional pattern, the species of Tropical Asia distribution and its sub-patterns occupy 52.20% of the total species. These showed that the flora have the characteristic of tropical Asia. As Tongbiguan natural reserve is located at the northern margin of SE tropical Asia, the temperate component is about 10% in the distributional pattern of families and genera, and more than 17% in species. So the flora of seed plants in Dipterocarp forest of Tongbiguan nature reserve is showed the distinct character with the nature of northern margin of tropical SE Asia.With the comparison, it showed that there are some comparative features between the flora of seed plants in two regions as follows:(1) Dipterocarp forest in the two regions both have high richness of species. However, there are poor gymnosperms in two regions with 2 families, 2 genera, 2 species in Xishuangbanna nature reserve and 2 families, 2 genera, 4 species in Tongbiguan nature reserve. According to the species richness, Dipterocarp forest in Tongbiguan nature reserve is enriched than Xishuangbanna.(2) Two regions both have high percentage of single-species families (containing only 1 species), single-species genera (containing only 1 species), few-species families (including 2 to 9 species) and few-species genera (including 2 to 5 species). This data indicated that the seed plants flora of two regions are both deficient.(3) In the distribution patterns, whether in the genus level or species level, the Tropical Asia pattern both have occupied the highest proportion in two regions. It indicated that the present flora of seed plants in the two regions both have fixed historical origins with Tropical Asia. The tropical distribution of species in Dipterocarp forest of Xishuangbanna nature reserve is higher than that of Tongbiguan, but the temperate distribution is lower. It showed that the floristic characterist of seed plants in the Dipterocarp forest of Xishuangbanna nature reserve has become more greatly influenced by tropical floristic elements than that of Tongbiguan.(4) The two regions have 109 families, 320 genera and 522 species in common. The coefficient of similarity of families and genus are both high, and the floristic similarity of families, genera and species between two regions has gradual decreased. The results showed that they had the same floristic origins, but the relative relation has weaken through time.(5) The flora of the Dipterocarp forest of Xishuangbanna nature reserve is more closely linked with that of Indo-Chinese Peninsula than the flora of the Dipterocarp forest of Tongbiguan nature reserve, and the flora of the Dipterocarp forest of Tongbiguan nature reserve is more closely linked with that of the east Himalayans.更多还原