【作者】 李慧；

【导师】 林逢春；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 环境科学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 20世纪初,美国、日本、德国等工业高速发展国家针对工业生产领域重大污染事故频繁发生的问题,开展了突发性环境污染事故防范与应急的相关研究。由于经济发展相对滞后,我国相关研究工作起步较晚,对突发性环境污染事故的应急处理处置技术、风险识别及风险防范的研究较少,如今我国已进入环境污染事故高发期,研究突发性环境污染事故的防范与应急措施,确保经济、社会及环境协调发展已成为迫切需要解决的问题。本论文在全面调研环境污染事故应急预案编制方法和评估方法的基础上,从环境污染事故应急预案完备性的角度构建企业应急预案评估的基本理论、基本原则和指标体系,并选取上海市116家编制了环境污染事故应急预案的企业为研究样本,对上海市区域内的企业应急预案编制情况进行了评估,并从环境污染事故应急预案完备性的角度进行了实证研究；在此基础上提出企业改进应急预案的编制的针对性建议。论文的主要研究结论可以细分为以下几个方面：(1)对国内外应急预案编制指南进行了对比,分析了国内外环境污染事故应急预案编制指南的异同点。重点选取了美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国家比较典型的应急预案编制指南为参照,从基本情况调查、事故现场调查、应急响应、应急培训和演习等方面分析相似之处,从编制详细程度、私人组织响应、家庭通信系统、信息公开、跨界污染等方面识别出中国相关应急预案编制指南中存在的主要问题。借鉴国外应急预案编制指南的经验,建议我国应急预案编制指南要更加详细具体,重视疏散路线和安置场所,将私人响应组织列入预案编制指南相关内容中,同时加强信息对社会和媒体的公开。(2)对企业环境污染事故应急预案评估的流程和分类进行了探讨,将应急预案评估分为完备性评估、可操作性评估和有效性评估三种类型。对有效性评估进行了初步研究,建立了有效性评估指标体系。以企业环境污染事故应急预案的完备性评估和可操作性评估为重点,建立了完备性评估指标体系和可操作性评估指标体系及指标分级标准,在此基础上,设计了基于层次分析和加权综合的应急预案完备性指数和基于灰色关联度分析的应急预案可操作性指数。(3)选用上海市116家企业编制的环境污染事故应急预案为评估样本,对应急预案的完备性和可操作性进行了评估。评估结果表明,上海市区域内企业的应急预案完备性和可操作性水平均有待提高。针对评估中发现的应急预案中存在的主要问题,提出下列建议：①从政府方面来说,需建立一个统一的管理和评估标准。②从企业方面来说,应不断提高应急预案的完备性、可操作性和有效性。③从社会方面看,应增加公众和社会组织参与率。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the early 20th century, some countries with rapid industrial development, such as America, Japan and Geman carried out some researches related to the preventions and emergencies of accidental environmental pollutions according to the frequent occurrences of serious pollution accidents in industrial production fields. Our country started the similar researches is later than the other countries due to the slower economical developments. There are fewer researches in emergency techniques, risk identifications, as well as risk precautions aiming at accidental environment pollutions in our country where there have been emerging a lot of environmental pollution accidents, therefore it is the urgent problems that studying at the preventive and emergency precaution to make sure the coodinated developments among ecomomic, society and environment.Basing on the comprehensive environmental pollution accidents’s surveies of the compiling and evaluation methods of emergency plans, the present research establish the fundamental theories, principles and guideline system of enterprise’s emergency plans evaluation from the point of this plan’s cmpleteness, at the same time, we also assess the compiling situation of enterprise’s plans in Shanghai city by chosing 116 corporations having the plan and carry out empirical reaearch from the these plans’ cmpleteness. At last, we put forward corresponding compiling’s suggestions of improving enterprise’s emergency plans on the basis of above researches.The principle conclusions of this research involves the following aspects:(1) The present research compares domestic compiling guideline of emergency plans to foreign countries’, and analyzes the similarities and differences between China and other countries. We mainly chose some typical emergency plans’compiling guideline in America, Canadian, or Austrilia as reference, and then analyze the similarities from the investigation of basic situation, accident sites, emergency response, emergency training and maneuver or so. On the other hand, we identify the main problems in our country’s compiling guideline basing on the detailed levels of compiling, the response of private organizations, family communication systems, information publicity, transboundary pollutions. With learning from foreign countries’compiling experiences, we suggest that the compiling guildeline of emergency plans should be more detailed and specific in our country, pay attention to evacuation routes and settlement sites, make the private response organization on the list of this guildeline, as well as enhance the information publicity for the society and media.(2) The procedure and categorizing of the assessment of emergency plans in enterprise’s pollution accidents are discussed in this research, and the assessments of emergency plans are classified into three types, that are completeness, flexibility and effectiveness evaluations. We develop preliminary studys at effectiveness evaluation and establish the index systems. On the other hand, we take completeness and flexibility of this plan as the key points, establish completeness and flexibility evaluation’s index systems, and the criterion of flexibility index grading. On the basis of these researches, we design completeness index of emergency plans basing on level analyses and weighted comprehensive assessments, and also design flexibility index of emergency plans basing on gray relation analysis.(3) Chosing emergency plans of environmental pollution accidents of 116 corporations in Shanghai city as assessment samples, we evaluate the completeness and flexibility of this plans. The evaluation results indicate that both the completeness and the flexibility’s levels of this emergency plans should be improved in the corporations of Shanghai city. Considering the main problems found from this assessment, we put forward the following suggestions:①on the sights of the government management, establishment a united management and assessment’s criterion is needed.②on the sights of enterprise, the completeness, flexibility and effectiveness of emergancy plans should be enhanced continuously.③from the point of society, the involvement rate of general public and social organizations should increase.更多还原