【作者】 关成雪；

【导师】 阮利民；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工程大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 1986年,原国家体委和原国家教委召开会议,制定了普通高校试办高水平运动队的措施,这成为我国体育改革的一项重要战略举措,为我国培养高水平体育人才开辟了一条新的途径,自此,我国由体育局系统独自承担竞技体育人才培养的格局开始发生改变。高校试办高水平运动队,其目的是尽快适应现行的国家竞赛体制,最大限度地利用高校科学技术的优势,逐渐形成一条培养、输送高素质体育人才的新渠道,同时能够承担参加世界大型运动会或赛事的任务,这是一个长远的战略思想。目前各高校的情况来看,多为短期行为,忽视“开发”和“培养”,一般都是靠“特招”来改变现有的状态,此种做法会短期内有较大实效,暂时提高了高校的运动水平,但是要想完成“走向世界’这一远大目标,还有较大的差距。高校要实现总体目标,就必须有自身的培养体系,它应该是向国家输送运动员的人才库。二十年来,我国高校办高水平速度滑冰队取得了一定的成绩,但由于在管理、生源、文化教育、训练及整个培养过程中存在一些问题,致使整个培养过程未能形成良性发展,也远远没有达到国家教育部最初高校办高水平运动队的目的。高校高水平速度滑冰运动队并没有完全发挥出高等院校优势,为国家培养全面发展的高水平速度滑冰人才。完成世界大学生运动会及国际、国内重大体育比赛的参赛等任务的运动员都是大学挂名的专业队运动员。因此,高校高水平速度滑冰运动员培养问题是目前急需解决问题,也关系到整个中国竞技体育及我国速度滑冰事业的发展。加拿大是世界速度滑冰运动的强国之一,加拿大的优秀速度滑冰运动员大部分都来自高校,其运动员培养的成功经验值得我们借鉴。本文采用文献资料、专家访谈、问卷调查、比较等研究方法,从调查中、加高校高水平速度滑冰运动员培养模式入手,通过深入研究,比较分析两国培养模式的差异,分析我国培养模式的不足,寻求适合我国高校高水平速度滑冰运动员的培养模式,为我国高校高水平速度滑冰运动员的培养提供理论参考。研究结果表明：(1)加拿大高校高水平速度滑冰运动员培养目标体系相对完善,而我国的培养目标单纯针对竞技体育,忽视教育性质,没有关注学生运动员的学术、道德、运动水平的均衡发展,培养目标内容较为单一,未成体系。我国应构建高校高水平速度滑冰运动员培养目标体系。(2)我国高校招收的高水平速度滑冰运动员综合素质较弱,导致学训矛盾突出；运动员训练的时间、负荷及强度安排不科学,不能满足现代高水平训练和竞赛的需要,加拿大招生、双轨制教育和训练模式值得我国借鉴。(3)加拿大抓住了以竞赛为核心的运作体系,促进了高校高水平速度滑冰运动员的培养。而我国高校速度滑冰竞赛少,竞赛组织不严谨、缺乏系统性,没有形成完善的大学生速度滑冰竞赛体制。(4)加拿大高校拥有完善的速度滑冰训练场地、设施。多种途径、多种方法的经费筹措形式,形成一条社会化、市场化的道路,为高校高水平速度滑冰运动员训练提供了充足的经费保障。而我国高校速度滑冰训练场地短缺、设施陈旧,训练经费来源单一,不能满足训练需要。(5)加拿大高水平速度滑冰教练员文化素质较高,教练经验丰富,整体实力强。拥有完善的教练员培训体系,组织机构健全,制度完善,有充足的资金支持。而我国教练员执教经历匮乏,教练员培训组织不健全,缺乏教练员资格认定制度,没有科学的培训教材,影响高校高水平速度滑冰运动员培养。(6)加拿大大学竞技体育管理的政策法规比较全面,内容系统、详细,制度完善。而我国政策法规内容相对薄弱、涉及范围窄,可操作性不强,不能适应和满足大学竞技体育发展的需求。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the 1986, the Chinese sports committee and the education committee hold meeting to make the plan about Chinese normal university executing high level sports team. This is an important measure to hold sports activities and provide a new method for universities cultivating high level athletes. Therefore, the situation of hold competition by sports organization was changed. The aim of normal universities hold high level sports team is that adapting the competitive system, creating a new way to provide excellent athletes and shouldering the responsibility to hold Universide. It is a long time strategy, and we can not complete in short time.The situation of Chinese universities holding high level sports team is characteristic short time、ignoring exploitation and cultivation. In general, they change situation by special enrollment of excellent athletes, and the students get degree by getting score,no matter they are competent or not. The method should make universities acquire short time progress but it is useless for the aim of "walk to world".In the past decades, our speed skating team in universities had excellent results. However, we can not build up the good process of recycle and complete the goal because of the problems about government、students、education and all of cultivating process. Actually, speed skating team did not exert their advantage and provide excellent athletes. The athletes who complete the task of Universide and other competition just have nomination in universities. So the problems which must be solved by universities is relative the progress of Chinese winter sports. Indeed, Canada is of the most famous team in the world and their athletes come from Canada’s universities. I believe that they have many advantages which deserve our studying. This thesis analyzes Chinese and Canada cultivating system by the method of literal research、expert interview、questionnaire to look for our disadvantages as well as the suitable system for Chinese, providing scientific evidence for our education in universities. The results indicate:(1) The goal of Canada universities to cultivating high level athletes is perfect, but Chinese universities pay more attention to competitive sport and ignore education. We do not pay attention to the balance development of academic、moral、sports level for students. Chinese universities should build up the cultivating goal system of high level athletes. (2) The ability of Chinese college athletes is low, which is the important element cause conflict between studying and training. The arrangement of training time、load、and intense is not scientific which can not fulfill the need of training and competition. The enrollment method and education system deserve our studying and research. (3) Canada universities grasp the core of competition system which is beneficial for athletes’education and training. However,Chinese universities are lack in holding competition, and the competitive system is not strict.(4) There are many training rinks and equipments in Canada universities, and they have varies method to acquire fund which provide solid foundation for training and competition. But Chinese universities are short in training rinks and fund, and the equipment is obsolete which can not fulfill the need of training and competition. (5) The coaches receive high level education with experience in Canada and Canada also has perfect coaches training system and enough fund. But the coaches in Chinese universities do not have training experience. We do not have training system for coaches as well as the system to qualify the coaches. We do not have training book. All of are the factors which hamper our development. (6) The Canada universities have perfect regulation which is comprehensive and with some details. Nevertheless, the regulation in China falls behind and the contents are not comprehensive, which can not fulfill the need of the advance of competitive sports.更多还原