【作者】 时学双；

【导师】 曹红霞；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 关中灌区是陕西省重要的粮油生产基地。随着当地工农业生产的迅速发展,各部门需水量急剧增长,水资源供需矛盾十分突出。本研究分析关中灌区800户农户连续5年入户调查资料,探索作物耗水量变化状况,建立作物水分生产函数模型。为制定灌溉规划、确定合理的灌溉制度等提供参考。通过本文的研究,取得了如下一些主要结果:(1)ET0(P)与ET0(PM)的比较,对采用月气象资料基于Penman公式计算的ET0(P)和基于Penman-Monteith公式计算的ET0(PM)结果进行了比较,两者计算的多年平均ET0绝对偏差变化范围在31.83mm~146.75mm,平均偏差为93.41mm,最大偏差为146.75mm,位于蒲城站,最小偏差为31.83mm,位于户县站。两者计算的多年平均ET0相对偏差变化范围在4.26%~15.00%,平均偏差为10.66%,最大偏差为15.00%,位于宜君站,最小偏差为4.26%,位于户县站。对两者计算的多年ET0月值系列进行t检验结果表明:在1-4、11、12月份,在各个站点都有显著差异,而5-10月份,在不同站点有不同的差异性。(2)关中灌区主要作物冬小麦基于Penman-Monteith公式的作物系数Kc(PM)为0.928(关中东部)、0.933(关中西部);夏玉米为0.981(关中东部)、1.141(关中西部);棉花为0.934(关中东部)、0.944(关中西部);油菜为0.912(关中东部)、0.921(关中西部)。(3)从2000年到2005年,关中灌区主要作物耗水量ETa:冬小麦ETa为316.76-397.87mm,平均值为347.43mm;夏玉米ETa为386.83-474.35mm,平均值为415.73mm ;苹果ETa为487.85-863.18mm ,平均值为641.33mm ;棉花ETa为461.26-598.17mm,平均值为527.55mm;油菜ETa为240.55-453.17mm,平均值为331.95mm。以2000年作物耗水量为基准,从2000~2005年,关中灌区冬小麦耗水量在5年内累计增长1.92mm(0.56%),年增长率0.11%。夏玉米耗水量在5年内累计增长39.99mm(10.18%),年增长率2.04%。苹果耗水量在5年内累计增长50.70mm(8.03%),年增长率1.61%。棉花耗水量在5年内累计增长-4.39mm(-0.76%),年增长率-0.15%。油菜耗水量在5年内累计增长78.6mm(32.68%),年增长率6.54%。作物耗水量年增长率大小依次为油菜、夏玉米、苹果、冬小麦,而棉花耗水量为负增长。(4)从2000年到2005年,关中灌区主要作物冬小麦、夏玉米、苹果、棉花和油菜的土壤水分胁迫指数平均值分别为0.287、-0.208、-0.039、-0.085和0.386。从2000年到2005年,关中灌区冬小麦土壤水分胁迫指数变化范围为0.250~0.322,说明冬小麦耗水量一直处于亏缺状态,平均每年亏缺29%;夏玉米土壤水分胁迫指数变化范围为-0.485~ -0.038,说明夏玉米耗水量一直处于盈余状态,平均每年盈余21%;苹果土壤水分胁迫指数变化范围为-0.475~0.203,说明苹果耗水量在2001、2002、2004年处于亏缺状态,在2000、2005年处于盈余状态,多年平均处于盈余状态,平均每年盈余4%;棉花土壤水分胁迫指数变化范围为-0.308~0.107,说明棉花耗水量在2001、2002、2004年处于亏缺状态,在2000、2005年处于盈余状态,多年平均处于盈余状态,平均每年盈余8%;油菜土壤水分胁迫指数变化范围为0.229~0.557,说明油菜耗水量一直处于亏缺状态,平均每年亏缺39%。(5)关中灌区主要作物在不同水文频率年份的灌溉需水量。(6)对关中灌区主要作物的耗水量与产量进行了线性回归分析,获得作物的水分生产函数模型。更多还原

【Abstract】 Guanzhong Nine Irrigation Districts (GNID) in Shaanxi Province is an important production base of grain and oil, with the rapid development of local industry and agriculture, water demand increases dramatically, and contradiction of water supply and demand becomes more and more severe. This research analyzed the continued investigation data for 5 years for 800 farmers families in GNID, explored the variation of crop water consumption, and set up the main crop water production function model, which is conducive to establish water resources development planning of the irrigation districts, and determine reasonable scale of the irrigation system. Through the present research, the following main results were obtained:(1) The average absolute deviations between ETo (P) on the Penman formula and ETo (PM) on the Penman-Monteith formula are from 31.83mm to 146.75mm, the average for 93.41mm, the smallest deviation for 31.83mm, locating in Huxian Station, the largest deviation for 146.75mm, locating in Pucheng Station. The relative deviations are 4.26% ~ 15.00%, the average for 10.66%, the smallest deviation for 4.26%, locating in Huxian Station, the largest deviation for 15.00%, locating in Yijun Station.According to testing on ETo series monthly, there is a significant difference in 1-4,11,12 month at various sites in 0.05 level. And there are different differences for calculation results of two methods at different sites in 5-10 month.(2) In Guanzhong area the crops coefficient for winter wheat on the Penman-Monteith formula is 0.928 (the eastern part of the Guanzhong area), 0.933 (the western part of the Guanzhong area); summer corn for 0.981 (the eastern part of the Guanzhong area), 1.141 (the western part of the Guanzhong area); cotton for 0.934 (the eastern part of the Guanzhong area), 0.944 (the western part of the Guanzhong area); rape for 0.912 (the eastern part of the Guanzhong area), 0.921(the western part of the Guanzhong area).(3) From 2000 to 2005,in Guanzhong Irrigation region the main crop winter wheat water consumption ETa are 316.76-397.87mm, the average for 347.43mm; summer corn ETa are 386.83-474.35mm, the average for 415.73mm; apple trees ETa are 487.85-863.18 mm, the average for 641.33mm; cottons ETa are the 461.26-598.17mm, the average for 527.55mm; rapes ETa are the 240.55-453.17mm, the average for 331.95mm. Regarding 2000 as the level year, in Guanzhong Irrigation region water consumption of winter wheats have a cumulative growth of 1.92mm (0.56%) with annual growth rate of 0.11%. Water consumption of summer corns have a cumulative growth of 39.99mm(10.18%)with annual growth rate of 2.04%. Water consumption of apple trees have a cumulative growth of 50.70mm (8.03%) with annual growth rate of 1.61%. Water consumption of cottons have a cumulative growth of -4.39mm(-0.76%)with annual growth rate of -0.15%. Water consumption of rapes have a cumulative growth of 78.6mm(32.68%) with annual growth rate of 6.54%. Annual growth rate of crop water consumption in the order are rapes, summer corns, apple trees, winter wheats, which water consumption of cottons are the negative growth.(4) From 2000 to 2005, the soil water stress Index of major crops such as winter wheats ,summer corns, apple trees, cottons and rapes is respectively 0.287、-0.208、-0.039、-0.085 and 0.386 in the irrigated area averagely. In Guanzhong irrigation area water consumption of winter wheat is being in a deficit status, with an annual average deficit of 29%; summer corn is being in a surplus of water consumption, with an annual average surplus of 21%. There are the average annual surplus of 4% for apple trees water consumption, which water consumption is in deficit status in 2001,2002,2004, and in the surplus status in 2000,2005. Cottons water consumption is in the deficit in 2001,2002,2004, and in the surplus in 2000,2005, and for many years in an annual average surplus of 8 %. Rapes water consumption is being in deficit status, with an average annual deficit of 39%.(5) In the various level year in Guanzhong Irrigation region irrigation requirement of winter wheat, summer corn, apple trees, cottons, rapes.(6) The linear regression analysis of crops water consumption and yield showed that water-production function for winter wheats ,summer corn,apple,cottons,rapes.更多还原