【作者】 张永清；

【导师】 张福运；

【作者基本信息】 江西财经大学 ， 社会学， 2009， 硕士

【副题名】以安徽金寨斑竹园村为例

【摘要】 村庄成员权是指村民在村庄中依其长期本土化身份而享有的各种权利,如村中公共财产的分配权、选举权、管理权等。村庄成员权在保护本土村民利益特别是维护村庄共同体的存在方面发挥着重要作用。但改革开放以来,随着社会流动性的增强,村庄成员权问题再次突显。一是部分人以升学、非农化就业等方式离开村庄,二是另一部分人以政策性移民或承包经营等形式移入乡村。前者因居住地的改变甚或永久性变更,受到乡村习惯法的质疑,即基于传统惯习的村庄成员权界定与国家法之间产生了冲突;后者虽然取得了居住权甚或法律意义上的村庄成员权,但事实上是不被接纳和认可的“外来人”。在日常状态下,这两类人的村庄成员权问题并不突出,一旦涉及到利益分配,矛盾和纠纷的生成便不可避免。20世纪80年代以来,由于国家权力的逐步淡出及村庄公共资源的肢解和匮乏,村庄内部的利益分配矛盾与冲突日益尖锐,而作为财产分配依据的成员权即为其中的焦点。近年来发生在安徽金寨斑竹园村的“清明事件”、“抢田事件”和移民扶持金的使用与分配中的矛盾与冲突这三个有代表性的事件,从不同的层面展示了村庄成员权在实践中的困境,以及村庄共财制下的成员权实践逻辑、村庄成员权的法律实践逻辑和村庄成员权建构的制度逻辑。从中可以看出,村庄成员权界定的困境以及由此引发的矛盾与冲突,极大地冲击了延续性的村庄共同体。在此过程中,一方面表现为村民利益至上原则和个人主义价值观的强化,另一面则是村庄集体认同感和凝聚力的下降,即基于传统社会关系的合作能力的衰退,村庄逐步陷入失序状态。村庄成员权好比一把双刃剑,它既是构建村庄共同体即使村庄成为可能的基础和维系共同体延续的前提,也是致使共同体走向衰变的关键因素。虽然村庄形成与维系的原因很多,但成员权的意义仍不可低估,这不仅因为村庄成员权涵有权利保护方面因素,更主要的是它代表了村庄的文化传统、内部关系和心理认同。虽然影响村庄共同体衰变的因素很多,但有一点是明确的,那就是村庄成员权在实践中特别是在利益分配中引发的矛盾与冲突,使村庄共同体出现了道道裂缝。尽管当前村庄成员权界定的困境使共同体呈现衰败之象,但在利益纠纷中强化的内部成员权,事实上又成为村庄共同体得以继续延续的基本保障。村庄成员权界定的困境,可以说是社会变迁、市场化转型背景下村庄内部利益分配中出现的突出问题。如何有效地维护凝聚人心的村庄共同体,走出村庄失序与共同体衰变的困境,抑或在新形势下如何重新整合几近碎片化的村庄,这是以关注现实为己任的社会学研究者不得不面对和思考的重大问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 Village members’ rights refer to all kinds of rights that villagers enjoy in accordance with their long-term indigenous status, such as the rights of the distribution of public property, voting rights, management rights and so on. Village members’ rights play an important role in protecting their own interests, especially maintaining the existence of the village community. Along with the enhancement of social mobility, the problem of village members’ rights highlights once more since the reform and opening up. Some people left the village by further education, non-agricultural employment etc, others immigrated into the village by the policy or contract management. With the permanent change of residence, the former are interrogated by civil law, that is , the conflicts between state law and civil law. Although the latter have acquired the rights of residence and village members’ rights in law, but in fact not accepted and recognized as foreign people. Usually their members’ rights are not prominent, but conflicts and disputes will inevitably come about when touching upon the distribution of interests.Since 1980s, state power is vanishing gradually and public resources of the village are getting mutilated, so contradictions and conflicts of distribution of benefits have become increasingly acute within the village. Members’ rights on which the distribution of property is based become the focus. In recent years, three representative events occurred in Jinzhai county, which are Qingming incident, looting fields incident and conflicts about the distribution of immigration fund and reflect the plight of village members’ rights in practice from three different levels, that is, practical logic, law logic, logic of system. It can be seen, the contradictions and conflicts that are aroused by the plight of defining village members’ rights have greatly impacted on the continuity of the village community. In this process, on one hand members’ rights strengthen the principles of the interest of the villagers and the value of individualism, the other side make the collective identity and cohesion decline, that is, the ability of cooperation based on the traditional social relations begins to fade, which gradually makes the village disorder.Village members’ rights are like a double-edged sword. They are not only the preconditions of building the village community, making the village possible and maintaining the community continuity, but also lead to the decay of community. Although there are many reasons for the formation and maintenance of the village, the significance of village members’ rights remains influential. Because village members’ rights possess protective factors, they represent the village’s cultural traditions, internal relations and psychological identity. Although many factors impact the village community, but it is clear that village members’ rights, especially in the distribution of benefits arising from the contradictions and conflicts, make the village community decay. Although the plight of defining village members’ rights makes the community decay, in fact the internal members’ rights strengthened by the interest conflicts become the basic guarantee of the village community to continue.In the context of the change of society and the transform of market, the plight of defining village members’ rights can be said the prominent problem that appears in the distribution of benefits. How do we safeguard effectively the cohesion of the village community? How do we prevent the village from disquieting and decay? In the new situations, how do we re-integrate the fragmented village? These are the major issues that sociology researchers have to face and think.更多还原