【作者】 姜玉兴；

【导师】 赵焕彬；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 体育教学与训练， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 新时期的大学教育应当重视对大学生的人格培养,着力培养和造就他们健全的人格,为社会输送合格的大学生。合格大学生的标准是什么?1983年召开的世界大学校长讨论会一致认为,理想的大学生应具备三条标准:一是专业知识,要掌握本学科的方法论;二是将本学科知识与实际、与其他学科知识相结合的能力;三是有良好的人格品质。大学生正处于身心急剧发展和自我意识由分化、矛盾逐渐走上统一的特殊时期。这个时期人格发展的特点是:希望了解自己,把握和发展自己,并对自己未来的社会角色进行设想。但在这个时期,他们要面临着学习压力、社会压力、恋爱压力和就业的压力,这些压力时刻在困扰他们,影响着他们的健康成长和发展。因此,大学阶段依然是大学生人格不断发展的重要时期,塑造他们健全人格,是高校教育应致力的目标。近年来,对大学生的健康人格培养已得到广泛重视和认同。原国家教委曾对12.6万名大学生进行调查和测试,发现明显心理障碍者达20.23%;中国纺织大学统计,近年来休学或退学的学生中,60%是心理方面的原因造成的;北京市在一次对16所高校的休、退学学生情况调查时发现,精神问题在各种休学原因中排第一位,比率为37.9%,有相当比例的大学生对大学生活感到迷茫、困惑、焦虑和压抑,明显存在着不健康的心理现象。因此,加强和塑造当代大学生的健全人格已成为一项刻不容缓的重要工作。同时这也给高校的教育工作提出了更高的要求,要充分利用各种教育资源对大学生进行健全人格的教育。体育课教学及体育运动过程是学生健全人格培养的重要环节。体育运动的功效不仅仅是对人身体素质的锻炼,还在于对人意志品质、心理素质、心理健康的培养和提高。体育运动可以通过刻苦练习,通过克服困难,通过竞争、对抗、协作等形式实现人格的磨炼。由于体育课程以身体练习为主要手段,体育课程促进学生心理发展的功能主要是通过身体练习的途径实现的,身体练习是达成体育课程心理健康领域目标的主要载体。但是,并非所有的身体练习都具有等效的促进心理发展的价值。只有在身体练习过程中能够激发学生强烈的心理体验,产生适宜的心理负荷,或者使学生处于一定的心理情境中时,学生才能产生相应的心理变化,才能使身心共同发展。所以,学生运动兴趣的形成、意志品质的培养、自尊自信的建立,抗挫折能力的提高,合作性及社会性的发展等等都要求身体练习的内容、形式、方法基于一定的条件和特性。一堂体育课教学过程同时所具备的条件越多,促进学生心理发展的价值和空间就越大。本文运用文献资料法、量表测试法、数理统计法等科研方法,在阅读大量有关人格教育和健全人格教育方面的书籍和六十余篇相关的文章的基础上,进行了本课题的研究。本研究选定河北师范大学2007级三个散打选项班的学生为研究对象,共136人,其中男生57人,女生79人。在选定研究对象后,选用国内外通用的“卡特尔16PF量表”对136名学生进行实验初的人格特征测试,记录受试学生上课初的人格因素情况,并进行分析、了解他们人格特征状况,制定教学实验方案,力求在教学过程中更具有针对性。在进行为期一学年的教学实验中,有针对性的安排教学内容,利用相应的教学方法、教学手段、教学组织,使学生在进行身体练习的过程中激发强烈的心理体验,产生适宜的心理负荷,如营造合作情境、安排适当的“惊险性”练习、创设竞争氛围等,使他们在协作、互助、竞争中体验成功,品尝快乐,在失败中体验挫折,调节情绪。到第二学期结束时,采用与教学实验开始时同样的方法对全体学生进行人格因素测试,将教学实验前和结束时两次测试数据输入计算机进行数理统计。从实验前后卡特尔16PF测试平均分值可以看出:参加教学实验的三个武术散打选项班的学生,16种因素标准分平均值都处于正常范围,但二者相比较存在着显著性差异,实验后与实验前相比较,在乐群性、稳定性、持强性、兴奋性、敢为性、敏感性、忧虑性、紧张性因素均有显著性提高。在对男女学生实验前后数据的分别比较发现,男、女学生实验前后人格因素的变化不尽相同,男生在乐群性、持强性和独立性等因素方面提高的更明显,女生在敢为性、敏感性、紧张性和实验性人格因素方面有显著性提高。说明实验前男生表现出更多的敏感、多疑、焦虑、紧张。通过对实验数据的对比分析,女生比男生在较多人格因素方面变化更明显,教学实验效果更好一些。分析其原因,本文认为,女生平时参加体育运动较少,平常体育运动对他们的刺激和影响较少,武术散打教学过程和练习强度给女学生更大的挑战和冲击,且女生内心较为细腻的情感,学习认真,对自身的要求严格等等,这些原因使得女生比男生人格特征的变化更明显。教学实验结果显示,武术散打教学实验对大学生人格培养有明显的促进作用,这说明大学时期人格因素方面具有可塑性,高校教育应很好的抓住这个关键时期,使他们形成稳定的、积极向上的健康人格。当然,除教学实验过程对学生人格方面有促进作用外,学生随年龄的自然增长,同其他学科的教育作用及学校整体教育也有一定的关系。所以,通过对本次教学实验的分析和日常教学实践的体会本文提出自己的建议:各级教育行政部门和教育工作者要高度关注和重视大学生心理健康教育,特别是加强大学生健全人格的培养,同时,学校体育工作者要充分利用体育教学和体育运动这个“载体”不失时机的对学生进行心理健康和健全人格教育。更多还原

【Abstract】 University education in the new era should pay attention to the personality training of college students to take great pains to build up their healthy character so that qualified college students in the society can be cultivated. What are the standards of qualified students? in 1983, The Seminar of University Presidents1983 got agreements on the following standards for ideal college students. First, professional knowledge and having mastered the methodology in the profession; second, the competence to apply the professional knowledge to the practice and subjects concerned; third, a good personality. College students are in a specific period in which the body and mind grow rapidly, the differentiation and contradiction of self-consciousness gradually combine to be coherent. And their personality in this period also characterizes as the wish to understand, control and develop themselves. But under the pressure of study, social competition and even ideal love hunting, their personality is still under going perfective. Therefore, the task to help to cultivate their personality to be healthier is still one of the focuses of higher education.In the recent years, the project to cultivate the healthy personality of college students has been widely recognized and highlighted. The previous Education Bureau of P.R. China conducted an investigation and survey among 126000 college students and found 20.23% of them suffered significantly psychological barrier. China Textile University’s statistics find that 60% of the suspenders and drop-outs are due to psychological problems. The similar investigation conducted in 16 universities in Beijing shows that the psychological problems are the primary reason resulting in dropping out. The percentage of students suffering psychological problem out of the whole is 37.9%. Besides this, a considerate proportion of them feel lost, puzzled, worried and even depressed at life, an evidence of psychological problems. Therefore, to enhance and help to shape college students’personality has already become inevitable and important work of education. This work also presses the education administration to be more highly prepared to make full use of the educational resources to direct college students to have a healthy personality.The process of physical education and athletic sports are an important part to cultivate students’healthy personality. The benefits of physical exercise lie not only in training students physical fitness, but also in an important step to exercise students’human volition, mental and psychological quality and health. By hard exercising, overcoming difficulties, competition, confrontation and cooperation, sports can make true the cultivation of college students’personality. Physical exercising is done in physical education curriculum and is helpful for the improvement of students’psychological health, so the process of the exercising is the main approach the aim of healthy mind. Of course, not every physical exercise can work the same to improve the psychological development. This ideal of the development of body and mind together can only be realized by inspiring students’strong psychological experience and creating suitable psychological charge, or putting students in a certain psychological situation and producing the corresponding psychological changes. Therefore, the process of students’interest for sports coming into being, the cultivation of will and character, the establishment of confidence and self-esteem, the increase of the competence to fight against setbacks, development of senses of cooperation community and so on all base on the certain condition and characteristics of the content, style and approach of the physical exercising. The more diverse of the permitted conditions, the more value and space college students would have to develop themselves.This thesis applies a variety of research methodologies: data collecting, scale test, statistical method and so on and is based on over 60 reading materials about personality education and perfection. The subjects selected in the research concerned are the 136 students (m57, f79) of class 2007 who selected Sanda class, an elective course in the curriculum of Hebei Normal University. The test of the experiment choose the“cartel at home and abroad General 16PF scale”on the 136 students to conduct experiments. The process is to test the beginning state of personality of the subjects and take them in records. Analyzing the subjects and find out their personality traits and making the experiment project as to strive to achieve in the teaching process more targeted. In carrying out one academic year’s teaching experiment, teaching content and arrangements targeting and the correspondent teaching approaches, teaching methods, teaching organization are applied so as to stimulate strong mental experience and create appropriate mental charge such as creating cooperation situation, arranging the proper thrilling exercise and creating sense of competition so that they experience success in collaboration, mutual aid, competition, taste the happiness on failure and experience frustration in failure and finally regulate their emotions. To the end of the second term, using the same testing approach at the beginning of the experiment to test the subjects’personality tendency, the new data are typed in the computer to gather the statistics.By contrasting the average data before and after the Cartel 16PF test, the new data show the 16-factors-based average points are in the normal range, although there is a big difference compared to the old data at the beginning experiment. In the tested personality characteristics such as community tending, stability, holding strong resistance, excitability, courageousness, sensitivity, worried and tense tending, all these factors are improved apparently. The compared data of experiments on boys and girls respectively show that the effects of the sports on their personalities vary. For experimental boy subjects, the personality characters such as community tending, holding strong resistance and independence are significantly improved, while for the experimental female subjects, their courage, sensitivity, tension and experiment taking all have a distinctive improvement. The comparative data also show that the changes of personality concerned factors for girl are more apparent after the teaching experiment, so the result for girls is more satisfactory. Subjects than that for boys. The thesis draws after analysis that, usually, girls get less stimulations and effects from sports just because they participate less physical exercises. But in the experiment, the sport games such as Wushu and Sanda classes involve more challenge and impact on them, so, they get more improvement in their personalities based on their good attitudes and strict demanding on themselves.The teaching experiment shows that Wushu and Sanda teaching experiments can improve college students’personalities significantly. This means the possibility to cultivate and shape the personality factors of college students. Higher education should make good grasp this critical period, so that the education can help college students to form a stable, positive and healthy personality. Of course, in addition to the factor of physical teaching experiment on the students here, the other factors such as age, the function of other subjects all play their roles there.So, by analysis to this teaching experiment and reflection of the author’s daily experience of teaching practice, the author can’t hesitate to present his own proposal: the Administrative Department of education at all levels and educators should be highly concerned about the importance of mental health education, in particular, strengthen the training of healthy personality of college students. All the educators do take full advantage of the“physical education and sport”in educating college students mental health and perfect personality.更多还原