【作者】 王宇；

【导师】 刘志刚；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 民商法学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 我国《合同法》违约损害赔偿采取的是完全损害赔偿原则,不仅包括违约所造成的直接损失,还包括合同履行后可以获得的利益。但是完全损害赔偿原则在实践中适用时根据事实因果关系进行推定判断中存在着对赔偿有失公平的可能,采可预见性规则对损害赔偿进行限制有利于维护合同的公平正义。可预见性规则的适用在适用中具有很强的普遍性,英美法日德等国家对其均具有规定,我国在制定《涉外经济合同法》时就对可预见性规则进行了规定,在随后的《合同法》中也进行了规定,但是一直仅作为一项原则性的规定,并没有对其适用有具体的规定,因此随着贸易的频繁合同数量的增加在损害赔偿纠纷中损害赔偿的矛盾也日益突出。本文立足于历史发展与现状,着重于对违约损害赔偿中的可预见性规则的基础、构成要素和适用进行了概括并提出了笔者自己的观点。本文共分为六个部分:第一部分,主要介绍了可预见性规则的概念与历史发展。通过比较分析法阐述可预见性规则在各国规定不尽相同,可预见性规则最早规定于法国成文法中,在英国是由“哈德里诉巴克森戴尔案”判例确定并对后世产生深远的影响,随后在“维多利亚洗衣店案”判例中对可预见性规则的构成要素及其中应注意辨别的问题做出了解释,堪称违约损害赔偿制度中的一个里程碑。第二部分,主要对可预见性规则的适用前提涉及的理论进行了深化挖掘,将完全损害赔偿原则和因果关系理论在损害赔偿制度中的作用进行了阐述并叙述了可预见性规则作为基本限制规则在其间的作用。在完全损害赔偿原则指导下可预见性规则的适用是以对损害范围的判断为前提,因此对损害的概念界定也十分重要。本文比较分析了理论界对损害的分类,笔者认为当前我国对损害分类模式可以满足我国国情,但对于非财产损害也应该纳入违约损害赔偿制度中。第三部分,结合判例对可预见性规则的构成要素进行了阐述,分析预见主体、时间、内容的不同学说并列举了实践意义。在预见的时间和内容上各国学界并不统一,而我国对于预见时间选择的缔约时,笔者通过对缔约时和违约时两个时点所产生的实践结果进行分析认为违约时能够更好的发挥可预见性规则的限制赔偿的作用。在预见内容上结合国内外立法笔者比较赞同为可预见性规则的适用创造宽松的立法环境。第四部分,着重介绍了可预见性规则的判断标准的各种学说,目前学术界倾向于理性人标准,理性人标准学说主要分析两种情况,在特殊情况中需要考虑信息传递性。笔者认为理性人的概念并不能涵盖当事人自利的一面,倾向采用“经济人”标准,其中不仅将理性人的认识因素作为考察对象,在实践中,尤其是面对灵活的合同中自利性也要作为一种判断依据进行考量。第五部分,针对可预见性规则的适用介绍了可预见性规则适用的限制和排除的几种情况。在违约损害赔偿中可预见性规则的适用是基于合同的公平正义而适用的,可预见性规则限制了损害赔偿的范围,但是当出现欺诈、故意或重大过失情况时依旧适用可预见性规则是与立法精神相违背的,故应予排除适用。第六部分,根据可预见性规则的适用提出了立法和司法两方面的建议,同时也将本文的创新点在立法和司法中如何适用进行了归纳总结。在立法方面分别针对损害范围、构成要素的变更、信息传递的权利义务几个重点问题提出了立法见解;在司法上,在适用“经济人”标准和完善举证责任分配两个方面进行了归纳。可预见性规则的实践意义较强,在理论分析基础上如何能够更好的在实践中发挥作用是本文的立足点。望通过本文能够对违约损害赔偿纠纷解决提供帮助。更多还原

【Abstract】 Compensation of damage caused by breach of contract in“Contract Law“take the full compensation principle. The compensation included not only the direct loss caused by breach of contract, but also the benefits will get after the performance. However, in practice, the application of the principle of full compensation may bring unfair effect in compensation of damage by breach of contract if according to the actual causality. Adopt the predictability rule to restrict to the full compensation principle in Contract Law is benefit to achieve the fair and justice in“Contract Law”. The application of predictability rule has strong universality. Many countries’law such as Japan and Germany have this regulations.“Foreign Economic Contract Law”on earlier period in our country regulated predictability rule, then in the“contract law”also set it but as a principled rule. Now much trades and contracts emerged what made the dispute of the compensation of damage a lot. Based on the historical development and current situation, this paper discussed the basis and the elements and application of predictability rule and against this situation sum up some views of the author.This article is divided into six parts:The first part introduces the concept and the historical development of predictability rule and comparative analyses the difference in some countries. Predictability rule first had been regulated in the French statute. In Britain,”Hadley v. Baxendale”had important effect on the later laws. Later,“Victoria Laundry Ltd. v. Newman Industries”explained the elements and Attention problems of predictability rule, which is called a milestone of compensation of damage for breach of contract.The second part introduces the application and its basis of predictability rule profoundly. The effect of predictability rule as a main restriction rule on the principle of full compensation and the causal relationship has been explained. Under the guidance of the principle of full compensation, the basis of predictability rule is contact with the scope of damage. So the scope of damage is very important to be defined. Comparative analysis about the theoretical classification, the author considered that the current classification of the damage can meet the conditions of our country, but for non-property damage should also be included in damages for breach of contract system.The third part combined with the test case, the elements of predictability rule are described, and the principal, predictable time, predictable content, the practical significance are also to be list and explored. On the theory, predictable time and predictable content have plenty of propositions. In our“Contract Law”predictable time is the minute when the parties conclude a treaty, the author do not think so. Though analyzed the practical application of predictable time (conclude a treaty or breach of contract) respectively, the author suggested when the party breach of contract the predictability rule could play a better compensation effect. The relaxed legislative environment is suitable for application of predictable content.The fourth part introduces the predictable standards of judgment, there are lots of theories of the standards and much people agree with the standard of“rational man”. Rational man standard theory analyzes the two cases, in special cases, transmission of information should be considered. Rational man standard does not include the aspect of self-interest, so economic man standard to be proposed. Economic man standard not only includes the cognitive of rational man standard but also the aspect of self-interest in practice.The fifth part summarized and analyzed the constraint and limitation of the predictability rule. Compensation should be justice for which is the purpose of the application of predictability rule. Predictability rule restricts the scope of the damages. But when there is fraud, willful or gross negligence or the situation which contrary to the spirit of the law, predictability rule will be excluded for apply.The sixth part according to the application of the predictability rule proposed legislative and judicial suggestion and summarized the innovation of this paper. In terms of legislation, aiming at the scope of damage, the alteration of the elements, the right and obligation of the transmission of information, the author proposed some legislative advice; in judicial practice, the two questions that economic man standard should be applied and the allocation of the burden of proof should be improved get concluded. The practical significance of the predictability rule is availability. Based on the theoretical analysis, how to play a better role in practice is this article’s standpoint. Hope this article could resolute the question about the compensation of damages for breach of contract.更多还原