【作者】 李海燕；

【导师】 张晋京；

【作者基本信息】 吉林农业大学 ， 土壤学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 民以食为天,食以土为本,土地是关系国计民生的重要战略资源。随着我们国家经济的发展和社会的进步,我们越来越重视对生态环境的保护,不惜代价保护水土资源,让牺牲生态作为代价换取经济发展的现象成为永久的历史。近年来,我国十分重视水土保持工作,将水土保持作为我国的一项基本国策,2010年12月份,新的《中华人民共和国水土保持法》修订通过,并于2011年3月1日起正式实施。公路建设项目在一定程度上促进了区域经济的发展,但是,这类建设项目一般占用大量的土地,在不采取任何水土保持措施的情况下,水土流失量是巨大的,因此,对这类跨越地域面积广,水土流失影响大的建设类项目,在公路设计中应实行最严格的土地保护制度,通过合理的水土保持方案,防治水土流失,科学控制占地数量,实现水土保持和节约用地的目标。公路建设离不开土石方作业,因施工取土、放坡和对不良地质路段的处理改变了沿线的地貌,对工程范围内的植被、土壤和地形等均有不同程度的影响,不可避免地造成一些新的水土流失。公路建设项目造成的水土流失现象与类别不同,其随着建设阶段的不同呈现不同的特点：公路建设项目对土壤环境的影响是由于施工开挖使土壤裸露造成的侵蚀,以及项目建成后,士壤植被条件的变化改变了地面径流条件而造成的侵蚀。公路施工期引起土壤侵蚀的主要因素有：山体开挖造成地表裸露；填筑路堤增加裸露面,取、弃土场产生裸露面；施工过程中损坏原有地表植被及水保设施；干扰不良地质增加不稳定性等引起水土流失。公路营运期引起的土壤侵蚀主要表现在营运初期,当施工过程产生的能引起土壤侵蚀的因素,如挖方路段的上边坡,路基边坡和取、弃土场产生的裸露面及破坏了地表植被的施工临时用地等尚未消除时,在生态恢复措施尚未恢复到建设项目施工前的水平时,仍然存在一定程度的土壤侵蚀。但相比施工阶段,这一侵蚀程度要轻得多。随着公路水土保持的生态措施的逐渐恢复和改善,施工过程中影响水土流失的一些因素将逐渐消失,水土流失量将逐渐减少,直到达到新的稳定状态。因此,公路建设对土壤侵蚀的影响主要表现在施工期。公路施工过程中的路基施工区,采石、取土及弃土堆放区是最易产生土壤侵蚀的地段。公路施工区改变局部地貌,为土壤侵蚀提供了有利的地貌条件,特别是边坡改造,会加剧水土流失,还有可能引起崩塌、滑坡等。废渣、弃土处理不当,会加剧水土流失,有时还会为泥石流的产生提供固体碎屑,破坏植被,加剧土壤侵蚀,路面排水处理不当,也将影响土壤侵蚀[1]。根据主体工程建设特点,方案对主体工程线路区进行了水土保持措施设计,包括浆砌石排水沟103690m、截水沟31680m、路基叠拱护坡35518m2、表土剥离及回填6936.54m3,栽植地锦3800株、种草258620 m2；对施工生产生活区布设了表土剥离措施41.40hm2,工程量8.28万m3,在施工生产生活区周边开挖土质排水沟14972m,开挖土方量为4791.04m3。施工生产生活区使用结束后,清理场地回覆剥离的表土,土地整治后进行植被恢复,栽植紫穗槐面积41.40hm2,施工生产生活区根据需要设置临时堆土场37个,临时堆土场临时堆土基部采用编织袋装土拦挡进行防护,共需草袋土4716m3,并在临时堆土周边布设截水沟4716m,施工结束后,清理地表,全面平整临时堆土场后,恢复植被面积4.14hm2。对施工便道区布设了表土剥离措施3.57hm2,工程量0.71万m3；在施工便道区周边开挖土质排水沟14280m,开挖土方量为4569.6m3,施工结束后,清理场地回覆剥离的表土,土地整治后进行植被恢复,栽植紫穗槐面积3.57hm2,施工便道区根据需要设置临时堆土场49个,临时堆土场临时堆土基部采用编织袋装土拦挡进行防护,共需草袋土5088m3,并在临时堆土周边布设截水沟5088m,施工结束后,清理地表,全面平整临时堆土场后,恢复植被面积0.36hm2。在本方案编制的基础上,深入探讨了山区水土保持报告的编制原则,提出了以下设计思路：1、“预防为主”、“充分利用工程隧道废弃土石方来减少取土场、弃渣场面积”,为主体工程节约投资的同时减少占压扰动面积。本方案设计理念注重预防为主,在设计时积极与建设单位沟通,保证主体工程施工优化,建议建设单位增加了桥隧比例,减少大填大挖,同时在工程选址方面也保证了主体工程避开泥石流易发区、崩塌滑坡危险区以及易引起严重水土流失和生态恶化的地区；在与主体工程建设单位协调后,本方案设计将隧道弃渣弃石充分利用,进行一定加工后作为路面路基辅助用料,从而可以有效的解决工程所需大量弃渣场占地面积,同时节省了工程施工用料量,这样同时可以减少主体工程预计取土场、弃渣场的面积。2、结合吉林省东北部地势起伏较大的山区自然特点,提出了水土流失的定点定位分区调查和预测方法中可能出现的问题和对策,对水土流失的预测方法进行了研究。项目位于长白山国家级自然保护区和林业局的林场内,是抚松县、长白县与省会城市联系的重要通道,也是通往长白山的旅游公路,沿线地势较高,地形起伏变化大,冲沟较发育,水土流失以水力侵蚀为主,根据线型和典型影响区域水土流失影响类型不同,永久性占地和临时性占地水土流失持续时间不同对主体工程进行分区,分为主体工程线路区、施工生产生活区、施工便道区三个水土流失预测区域进行水土流失预测分析,为了保证预测结果的准确性,本方案选择了借鉴距离本工程较近的国道鹤大公路沿江至万良段公路改建工程的相应土壤侵蚀模数结合工程实际进行确定本工程施工准备期和施工期水土流失预测土壤侵蚀模数值,通过计算可恢复土地面积确定自然恢复期水土流失量。3、详细探讨了水土保持工程方案的设计思路,提出“取土场及施工临时用地优化、充分利用工程废弃物”等设计优化方案。为了保证施工临时用地优化,在保证土料充足的条件下均匀分布取土场,同时临时施工场地也充分利用当地民房,减少不必要的扰动过程。充分利用项目开挖路基产生的淤泥进行水土保持绿化利用。本论文从总体设计思路入手,在设计方法上进行创新,研究讨论公路水土保持报告的编制方法。另外还从生态环境和社会环境等方面探讨山区水土流失的特点,针对性的提出了吉林省水土流失防治的原则和目标、水土流失防治的工程措施、水土保持监测方法等,对于今后山区水土保持方案的编制具有一定的参考价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 The people’s lives depend on the food, and the soil is the base of the food, the soil is related to the important strategic resources. Accroding to our country economy development and social progress, we paid more and more attention to the protection of the ecological environment, soil and water resources, the phenomenon of sacrifice for economic development as the price of ecological become permanent history.In recent years, our country attaches great importance to the work of water and soil conservation, the conservation of water and soil becomes our basic state policy. The new revision of <The Conservation Law of Water and Soil in the People’s Republic of China > was passed on December 2010 and carried out on March 1st,2011. Highway construction project in a certain extent, promoted the development of regional economy, however, this kind of construction project usually occupies amount of land, if we do not take any of the cases to protect soil and water, water and soil erosion is huge, therefore, to these kinds of construction projects which have great influence on the loss of soil and water shouldl be designed in the strictest land protection system, we can realize the target of soil and water conservation and economical use of land through the reasonable soil and water conservation scheme, preventing and control soil and water loss, scientific control the area of occupied land.Highway construction can change landform by earth-gathering, dealing with the bad geological sections, it also has defferent influence on vegetation, soil and terrain, and it can cause some new soil erosion inevitably. The phenomena of soil and water loss caused by highway construction projects is different with category, it may have different characteristics with the change of construction stage:the influence of soil environmental caused by highway construction projects is due to the erosion which is caused by soil excavation, after the completion of the project, and the soil vegetation conditions changes caused by run-off conditions of erosion. The main factors of soil erosion caused by highway construction are:the bare surface caused by the excavation of landslides; increasing the bare surface by filling embankment; damaging the original vegetation and soil conservation facilities in the construction process; Bad geological increase instability interference which caused soil erosion. Soil erosion caused by highway operation mainly appear in the early period of construction process, the factors which can cause soil erosion in the operating produce such as the excavation of the slope sections and roadbed, bare surface produced by take or abandon clay, destroyed vegetation construction land temporarily have not eliminate, ecological restoration measures in construction projects not return to the level before, there is still a degree of soil erosion. But compared with the stage of construction, the erosion degree was much less. With the gradual restoration and improvement of soil and water conservation ecological measures for highway, some of the factors related to the soil and water loss in construction process will gradually disappear, water and soil erosion will reduce gradually, until reaching new instability. Therefore, the highway construction affected soil erosion mainly manifested in the stage of construction. Highway roadbed construction process of the construction area, rock quarrying, earth taking and abandon soil piled up area are the most easy generation soil erosion area. Highway construction area will change the local physiognomy, it provided the favorable geomorphic condition for soil erosion, especially slope modification will aggravate the soil erosion, and may cause collapse, landslides, etc. If waste residues, abandon soil were dealed with improperly, it will aggravate the soil and water loss, sometimes provide solid clastic for mudslides, damage vegetation, aggravate soil erosion, dealing with pavement drainage processes improperly will also affect the soil erosion.According to the principal part of the project, the soil and water conservation measures was designed for major engineering area, including plasma stone-laying drainage design 103690m, cut ditch 31680m, roadbed fold 35518m2, surface soil arch revetment 6936.54 m3, stripping and backfilling cultivated.3800 strains, grass 258620 m2; The living on construction production 41.40 hm2 quasi-geoid elongate-shaped, quantity stripping measures in construction,8:28 million m3 living areas surrounding excavation soil drainage production 14972m earthvolume for 4791.04 m3. After the construction production living areas were used, the field of topsoil was cleaned up to reply stripping land renovation of vegetation restoration,41.40 hm2 of amorpha fruiticosa were planted,37 temporary production of clay were setted up according to needs in the construction of living areas, temporary pile of clay temporary heaps of earth by woven bag soil base of protection methods to sack soil of 4716m3, and 4716m layont cut ditch were designd around temporary heaps of earth, when the construction ended, cleaning the surface,4.14hm2 of vegetation were restored after the comprehensive level of clay. The sidewalk area of construction laid 3.57 hm2 elongate-shaped, stripping measures quantities were 0.71 million m3; Around the pavement in construction, excavation 14280m excavation earthvolume soil drainage for 4569.6 m3, when the construction ended, cleaning up the field of topsoil, reply stripping land renovation of vegetation restoration,3.57 hm2 of amorpha fruiticosa were planted after construction,49 temporary pile of clay were setted up according to the needs in the sidewalk area, temporary heaps of earth by woven bag soil base of damming up protection methods to sack soil of 5088m3, and 5088m layont cut ditch were designd around temporary heaps of earth, when the construction ended, cleaning the surface,0.36 hm2 of vegetation were restored after the comprehensive level of clay.The soil and water conservation reports principles were deeply discussed on the basis of designation, and following design ideas were proposed:1. "Prevention first", "make full use of engineering tunnel abandoned to reduce earth-gathering field conditions, abandon slag field area", it will save investment for the main body of project and will also reduce disturbance area.This scheme design concept notice prevention, communicating with the construction department actively, guarantee the principal part of the project construction optimization, suggesting the construction department increases the proportion bridge sui, reduce fill in engineering, and big dig site ensures that the principal part of the project in miyun, collapse from debris and easy cause serious landslide danger zone soil erosion and ecological deteriorating areas; In coordination with the main project construction unit, the plan will after abandon slag abandon stone tunnel to a certain processing full use of, after road embankment auxiliary materials as, thus can effectively solve engineering required large abandon slag area, also save game with construction feed, so at the same time could reduce the principal part of the project is expected to abandon slag soil field, the area of the game.2. Combining the natural characteristics of mountainous area in the northeast of Jilin province, the designated proposed division survey of soil and water loss and the possible problems and countermeasures in the forecast method were pointed out, the forecast method of soil and water loss was also studied. The project was located in national nature reserve of Changbai Mountain and forestry administration within the forest, which is not only a important road contact with FuSong town, Changbai town and other capital city, but also the important channel linked to Changbai mountain tourist road. Rolling along on higher ground, terrain, gully changes in development, water-eroded s is mainly oil erosion, according to the different influence of soil erosion between linear and typical area, and the different duration of soil and water loss between permanent covers and temporary covers, the main project can be divided into three area:major engineering line area, construction production biotope, construction sidewalk area, and then the forecasting analysis of soil and water loss was carried out. In order to ensure the accuracy of the prediction results, this scheme chose this project from close range to national highway WanLiang crane along the highway rebuilding project period corresponding soil erosion modulus determined with actual project construction preparation and the project construction of soil and water loss prediction soil erosion modulus value, the amount of soil and water loss was determined through calculation of the restore land area.3. The design method of the soil and water conservation project was discussed, and the design thinking "Land-use optimization of earth-gathering field and the temporary construction land, the construction rubbish was used sufficiently "was pointed out. In order to ensure the temporary land-use optimization in construction, the earth-gathering field was distributed evenly in the condition of ensuring earth material sufficient, local private houses should also be used sufficiently at the temporary construction site, and unnecessary disturbance process should be reduced. Excavation of roadbed project may produce silt soil that can be used to the conservation greening of soil and water.This paper mainly discussed the method to design the reports of soil and water conservation in general opinion, the design methods were innovated. The characteristics of mountainous soil erosion were also discussed from the aspect of ecological environment and the social environment, and then the principles and objectives of the prevention of soil erosion in Jilin province were presented, as well as the monitoring methods of soil and water conservation, and the engineering measures for controling soil erosion. It has certain reference value for designing the soil and water conservation plan in the future.更多还原