【作者】 杨涛；

【导师】 陈蕴茜；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 从五四运动到1939年“五四”青年节诞生,走过了20年漫漫长路。但是青年节的确定并不意味着尘埃落定。5年之后,青年节的日期发生变更,被国民政府从“五四”改到了“三·二九”——黄花岗起义纪念日。无独有偶,叛国投敌的汪伪政府也设立了“五五”青年节——孙中山就任非常大总统纪念日。在华夏大地上,青年节出现了三足鼎立的局面。抗战结束后,出现了“五四”与“三·二九”对峙与争夺的局面。在学术界已有研究的基础上,笔者计划对于民国时期的青年节做一个全面系统的研究,试图解释青年节日期变更与争夺的深层原因。第一章介绍了“五四”青年节的建构过程。即“五四”是如何从众多的日期中脱颖而出,成为青年节最合情合理的纪念日。全章将分为两部分,第一部分重点介绍五四运动中青年的表现,包括参加活动的人数,所起到的重要作用以及当时政治领袖、名流学者对于青年在此次运动中的评价。第二部分则重点介绍了后“五四”时代的纪念以及青年节这一政治符号的建构过程。第二章介绍了“五四”青年节确立的过程。从1939年开始,国共两党不约而同地将5月4日定为了青年节。这不仅标志着青年节的诞生,同时预示着对峙与争夺的开始。由于青年节制定时正值抗日战争的关键时期,因此早期青年节纪念主旨主要是宣传抗日御侮,鼓励青年积极参军,铲除汉奸等等。后期的青年节纪念主旨则转变为国民党通过宣传“一个政党,一个领袖,一个主义”,从而达到控制青年的目的。但随着国民政府对五四运动批评的加深,青年节的变更已经不可避免。第三章详细介绍了青年节的变更及由此产生的争议。1943年,青年节由原先的5月4日变更为3月29日,也就是黄花岗起义纪念日,由此产生了极大地争论。而与此同时,汪伪政权也建立了自己的青年节,即“五五”青年节。这样就出现了3个青年节并存的局面。国民党改立“三·二九”青年节后,对此非常重视。并举办了隆重的首届“三·二九”青年节纪念会。第四章则侧重于介绍“五四”与“三·二九”,这两个被不同政治团体所纪念的青年节之间的对峙,并对这一政治符号的争夺。本章从1946年发生在广州的“五四”事件入手,进而详细介绍国统区的“三·二九”纪念以及解放区的“五四”纪念,通过对比,介绍了不同政治团体对于青年节政治记忆的塑造,进而争夺合法性的全过程,特别是1948年,这个焦点年份将给予特别关注本文综合运用了历史学、人类学与政治学的相关理论分析青年节建构与争夺的历史过程。从青年节纪念的主体来看,以青年学生为代表的全国民众在纪念五四运动时,是作为一个政治群体出现在历史舞台的,因此他们也就构成了一个共同的心理群体,这个群体对于“五四”的认同感是无法替代的。正因为如此,5月4日成为青年节的节日显得实至名归。对于中国共产党而言,其创始人及早期重要成员都是这场运动的领导者和参与者,因此“五四”必然是属于他们这一代人的政治记忆。所以从“五四”诞生之日起,中国共产党就对其极为重视,终于在20年之后,设定为青年节。但对于国民党而言,他们之所以选择“三·二九”青年节,是因为“三·二九”所代表的是黄花岗起义的政治记忆,而这段记忆是属于国民党所独有的。即使是汪精卫所选择的“五五”青年节,也是国民党所拥有政治记忆的纪念日。之所以围绕着青年节的日期,会产生激烈的对峙与争夺,其根本原因正是各政治集团通过建构符合自身政治记忆的青年节,进而争夺政权上的合法性、正统性,而这也是青年节日期变更的原因所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 It had been 20 years since the May 4th Movement to the born of the "May 4th" Youth Day in the year of 1939. The date of the Youth Day was not determine yet; it was changed 5 years later. The Chongqing National Government changed the day from "May 4th" to "March 29th", which was the memorial day of the Huanghuagang Uprising. Meanwhile, the government of Wang Jingwei also established the Youth Day on May 5th, which was the memorial day of Sun Yat-sen became Extraordinary President. In this way, there were three kinds of Youth Day festival in China. After the Anti-Japanese War, the struggling for legitimacy between the "May 4th" Youth Day and the "March 29th" Youth Day appeared. Basing on existing research, I tried to make a comprehensive and systemic research on the Youth Day during the Period of Republic China, in order to unearth the deep reason of the date change of the Youth Day.The first chapter introduces the constructive process of "May 4th" Youth Day. In other words, it is about the reason that "May 4th" became the most reasonable Youth Day. The chapter will be divided into two parts. The first part emphasis on introducing the Youth’s performance in the May 4th movement, including the number of participants, the important role played by them, political leaders and famous scholars’evaluations. The second part mainly introduces the commemoration after the "May 4th" era and the constructive process of Youth Day as a political symbol.The second chapter is about the establishment of "May 4th" Youth Day. Since 1939, CPC and KMT have set "May 4th" as the Youth Day.It not only symbolized the birth of the Youth Day, but also foreshadowed the beginning of confrontation and fight. When the Youth Day was established it was the essential period of Anti-Japanese War, so earlier Youth Day’s purpose was against the aggression from Japanese, and encouraged youth to join the army and wipe out the traitors. Later, the memorial theme of the Youth Day was transferred into "one political party, one leader and one doctrine" by KMT, so as to achieve the purpose of controlling youth. The May 4th movement afterwards has been criticized fiercely more and more, so changing the date of Youth Day is inevitably.The third chapter introduces the change of the Youth Day and the dispute. In 1943, the Youth Day was changed from "May 4th" to "March 29th", which is the festival of Huanghuagang Uprising. As a consequence, it led to lots of controversies. Meanwhile, the Puppet regime also set up the "May 5th" as their own Youth Day. Thus, three "Youth Day" coexisted at that time. After KMT changed the date of Youth Day, they paid much attention to it and held the first commemoration for "March 29th" Youth Day.The fourth chapter focuses on introducing the confrontation between "May 4th" and "March 29th" which were commemorated by different political groups, and the fight for the political symbol from these different groups. This chapter began with the "May 4th" event in Guangzhou which occurred in 1946, and then would introduce the "March 29th" commemoration in KMT controlled area and the "May 4th" memorial in liberated area in detail. By comparison, this chapter would introduce the different molds, which were shaped by the different groups, to the political memory of the Youth Day, and then the process of striving for the legitimacy. In this process, this chapter would give special attention to 1948.The theories of history, anthropology and politics were utilized to analyze the historical process of the establishment and contention of the Youth Day in this thesis. When young students representative of the national citizens commemorated the May 4th movement, they appeared as a political community on the stage of history. Consequently, a common psychological group was formed, which had the irreplaceable identification of the May 4th movement. Therefore, it seems natural and reasonable that "May 4th" is made the Youth Day. For many founders and important members in the early age of the CPC, "May 4th" must be an important piece of their own political memory as they are the leaders and participants of this crucial movement. So the CPC has put much on this movement ever since its birth and finally made it the Youth day 20 years later. Nevertheless, the KMT made "March 29th" the Youth Day on account of it represents the political memory of Huanghugang Uprising which is belonged to the KMT exclusively. Even the Youth Day of "May 5th" decided by Wang Jingwei is the proportion of KMT’s political memory. From this perspective, the CPC and KMT made the same choice from the angle of their own political memory to decide the date of Youth Day respectively in order to strive for legitimacy. Although consensus could be achieved temporarily, conflicts still inevitable. This tortuous trajectory existed all the time because they strived for legitimacy and orthodoxy by the choice of the Youth Day. And the Youth Day was changed for this reason. The reason of drastic struggling for the date of the Youth Day was that each political group wanted to declare the legality and legitimacy of its regime by establishing the Youth Day which was in accord with its own political memory, and so as the reason of the date of Youth Day changed.更多还原