【作者】 王健；

【导师】 徐锋；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 中共党史， 2011， 硕士

【副题名】以沪郊土地改革为视角的观察

【摘要】 1949年刚解放的上海郊区经济凋敝,各种政治势力错综复杂。新政权虽然建立,但是如何获得农民的政治认同,实现执政的合法性是中共不得不考虑的问题。本文以新中国成立初期(1949-1952年)沪郊农村土地改革的历史背景为考察视角,通过研究这段时期中国共产党在沪郊获取政治认同构建的背景、方式和效果,总结经验,为解决目前我国社会转型时期存在的认同弱化、认同消解甚至不认同等给予一定的启迪。新中国成立初期,沪郊广大农民在经济上受剥削,政治上受到压迫的状况没有根本改变,生活苦不堪言,同时农民对中共认识存在偏差,以及传统的小农思想的存在影响中共执政的地位。因此,中共必须考虑改善农民的经济生活水平,保障农民的政治权利,注意对农民进行意识形态的渗透。在总结实践经验的基础上,中共找到了实现上述目标的最佳途径即通过土地改革把广大农民动员起来,实现在农村政治认同的构建。由于吸取老区急性土改的教训以及刚刚经历战争,社会动荡,因此中共没有立即进行土地改革而是首先开展清匪反霸和减租保佃运动。经过减租保佃清匪反霸运动,中共在沪郊建立了各级政权组织,农民初步实现政治翻身,阶级意识增强,但是农民传统道德观念、命运思想、家族意识等依然存在,不利于土地改革政治目标的实现。因此中共必须采取适当的方式来涤荡农民心中的传统道德思想,实现农民对中共的政治认同。接着通过阶级划分,中共把阶级观念嵌入农村社会,农民传统身份被颠覆,乡村社会秩序得到重新构建,实现了国家权力的下移,乡村社会大多数成员被纳入到国家权力体系。但是,因为自身阶级意识的局限性,农民无法找到自己穷苦的根源,通过诉苦中“苦”与“甜”,新与旧,善与恶的对比以及诉苦中各种策略的运用,农民阶级意识形成,对旧社会的利益格局和政治秩序的合法性提出质疑和挑战,开始认同、拥护共产党新政权。最后,土改中农会、青年团、妇代会等各种组织的建立,使农民获得组织上的依托,不同群众的政治、经济权利得到了保障,农民政治觉悟随之提高。这一切使得中共成功获得新区农民政治认同。经过建国初期土地改革等运动,中国共产党在新区农村政治认同的构建效果显著主要有：农民由政治冷漠向积极政治参与的转变；农民对毛泽东和共产党由衷感谢；农民形成了对自己政治身份的认同；农民积极参加抗美援朝,国家观念形成。通过对土改的分析,中共没有将土改简化成“分”与“得”的单向行为,而是通过中共与农民的双向传输,使得双方各取所需,最终实现一种“互惠互利”的结果。中共政治认同的成功之处在于农民利益的满足。无论是土改之后的社会主义建设时期还是改革开放之后的社会主义新时期,中国都是在牺牲农村的发展和农民的利益来实现国家的发展、城市的建设。如果历史必然性范式能够使中共在一定时期依然获得农民的认同的话,那么进入新世纪,政治、经济、文化等方面发生一系列的变化,民众更多是从实际绩效来评价执政党和政府。因此,中共应该以如何实现、维护、发展广大人民的利益为出发点,树立以人为本思想,使广大农民共享发展的成果,以此为基础实现民众对新时期中共执政合法性的认同。更多还原

【Abstract】 Shortly after the liberation in 1949, the suburb economy of Shanghai was still in a status of depression.Various political forces in society reminded complex. Though the new regime was set up, the Chinese Communist Party must consider how to gain rural political identification and achieve the ruling legitimacy.Through the study of historical background, methods and effects of political identification of the Chinese Communist Party, this paper, based on the land reform of the rural areas in Shanghai of the newly-found State(1949-1952), provides enlightenment for solving the problem of identity weakening, identity dispelling or even disagree in the social transition.In the early years of foundation, the peasant in suburb was still exploitated in economic and oppressed in politics, their life is painful. The awareness deviation to the CCP and the traditional small-peasant thought influence the CCP’s ruling status. The Chinese Communist Party must consider how to improve people’s living standards, protect farmers’ political rights, pay attention to penetrate ideology to the farmers. On the basis of summarizing the practice experience, The Chinese Communist Party found a best way to achieve the above objectives, it is through the land reform that mobilize the farmers.Because of learning the lessons from acute land reform in old areas and the war environment, the society is instability. so the Chinese Communist Party didn’t immediately carry out land reform. They eliminate bandits and reduce rent at first. Through eliminating bandits and reducing rent movement, the Chinese Communist Party established various regimes. The farmers preliminarily realized political rolling and their class consciousness enhanced obviously. The exist of traditional moral concept, fate thought, family consciousness didn’t favor the land reform political goals coming ture. The Chinese Communist Party had to adopt appropriate ways to eliminate the traditional ideological and moral to gain rural political identification. Through the class divisions, the class concept was implanted in rural society. The farmer ’s traditional identity were overthrown, and rural social order get reconstruction, that realizing the state power downward. Most of the people were attached to the national power system. Because of the limitations of their class consciousness, the peasants didn’t found the root cause of their poverty. Through the contrast of "bitter" and "sweet", "new" and "old", "kindness" and "evil" when complaining of pain, the farmers’ class consciousness formated. By questioning and challenging the old society’s benefit pattern and political order, they began to agree and support the Communist Party and new regime. The construction of peasant association, youth league and women deputies meeting in land reform, the farmers obtained organizational support. People’s political and economical rights were ensured. Farmers’ political consciousness got higher and higher. Through these ways the CPC gained rural political identification.Through the land reform of the rural areas in Shanghai of the newly-found State, the effects of The Chinese Communist Party’s rural political identification were:the farmers transform from political apathy to participating actively in politics; the farmers heartfeltly thanks to Mao Zedong and the Communist party; They had formation their own political identity and the national concept.Based on the analysis of the land reform, the Chinese Communist Party didn’t make the land reform as "giving" and "getting". Through the Chinese Communist Party and farmers’ bidirectional communication, they finally got what they want to have. The Chinese Communist Party’s success lies in satisfing the interests of farmers. In the socialist construction period and after the reform and opening, China is at the expense of the countryside and farmers’ interests to achieve national development and urban construction. Entering new century, the political, economical, cultural facts had encountered series of new changes, people began to use actual performance to evaluate the government. The Chinese Communist Party should consider how to achieve, maintain and develop the interests of the masses, and establish people-oriented thoughts to make broad farmers share the fruits of development. Only based on that, the CPC can gain the political identification of ruling legitimacy from the masses in the new period.更多还原