【作者】 刘红；

【导师】 吕丽；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 法律史学， 2011， 硕士

【副题名】以《樊山判牍》为考察中心

【摘要】 清代的调解制度根植于我国几千年的传统法律文化,是中国古代具有文化代表和富有文化韵味的司法形式。本文从我国古代调解制度的发展开始,逐步分析我国清代调解制度的成因、类型、依据、特点,通过对清代调解制度的基本评价,来借鉴清代调解制度的经验,完善现代调解制度。论文共分五个部分。第一部分主要介绍了清代调解制度的历史沿革：中国古代的调解制度最早可追溯到尧舜禹时期,经历了各个朝代的发展,到宋朝时,中国古代的调解制度进入到成熟期,随后,又进一步发展。第二部分主要介绍清代调解制度的类型：清代调解制度按照主体的身份的不同,分为民间调解、官府调解和官批民调三种类型。根据主持调解者的身份不同,民间调解又分为乡邻调解、亲族调解、中人调解、乡绅调解。第三部分主要介绍了调解的依据。调解的依据主要有习惯、家法族规、乡规民约、情理、制定法等。第四部分主要介绍了清代调解制度的原则和运行机制。调解的原则有：调解息讼要持平、同情弱者、保全士人体面。运用调解的禁止性条件有两个,一个是严重刑事案件禁止私和,一个是严重违反孝道的案件禁止私和。调解的运行机制部分主要介绍了纠纷的双方当事人、调解人、调解地点、调解的一般程序和调解的结案方式。第五部分主要介绍了清代调解制度的基本分析与评价,通过以上四部分的论述,总结出了清代调解制度的特点,即：调解适用范围的广泛性,调解依据的多样性,调解具有教导风化的功能,调解形式具有多样性和灵活性,调解目标的直接性,调解有“体恤民情”之意。除此之外,在《樊山判牍》中我们还可以看出清代调解制度的比较突出的三个特点,即：一是对讼棍的厌恶之情,二是县官的通俗易懂的口语化的表达方式,第三个特点是清代调解结案的案件特别多。分析了清代调解制度的成因,对于清代调解制度的成因,笔者从百姓和官员的角度作了论述,百姓选择调解结案的原因有四个方面：一是基于诉讼成本的考量,二是基于相邻关系和谐的考量,三是基于人们的惧讼心理,四是制度上对诉讼的限制。官员选择调解结案的原因有三个：一是基于官员政绩考核,二是司法资源的紧缺,三是官员的无讼价值取向。作出了对清代调解制度的评价：虽然清代的调解制度具有局限性,但是其积极作用不容忽视,所以我们要仔细研究其局限性,把出现局限的可能性降到最低,使其积极作用得到最大限度的发挥。最后笔者得出结论,论述了如何借鉴清代的调解制度,研究借鉴清代调解制度具有非常重要的意义,且有助于解决当代司法面临的迫切问题,对改进当代司法实务,提高当代诉讼调解水平,促进和谐社会建设是大有裨益的。更多还原

【Abstract】 The mediation system in the Qing Dynasty is rooted in China’ traditional legal culture of thousands of years, and it is the judicial form with representative culture and cultural appeal in ancient China. Based on the development of the mediation system in ancient China, this paper will analyze the cause, type, basis and characteristic of the mediation system in the Qing Dynasty step by step. Thus, the modern mediation system shall be improved through the basic evaluation of the mediation system in the Qing Dynasty and the learning from the experience of the mediation system in the Qing Dynasty.This paper consists of five parts. Part One mainly introduces the historical evolution of the mediation system in the Qing Dynasty:the mediation system in ancient China can date back to Yao-Shun-Yu period. After the development in every dynasty, it came to maturity in Song Dynasty and further developed afterwards.Part Two mainly introduces the type of the mediation system in the Qing Dynasty. In accordance with the different identities of the subject, the mediation system in the Qing Dynasty is divided into three types:civil mediation, official mediation and civil mediation with official approval. As per the different identities of the mediators, civil mediation is divided into neighbor mediation, relative mediation, mediator mediation and squire conciliation.Part Three mainly introduces the basis for mediation. Mediation is made mainly based on habit, family disciplines, clan regulations, folk regulations, reason, statutes, etc.Part Four mainly introduces the principals and the operating mechanism the mediation system in the Qing Dynasty. The principles of mediation include:making mediation and dropping lawsuit fair and just, sympathizing with the weak in mediation and preserving the dignity of the scholar. There are two prohibiting conditions to use mediation:one is that as for the serious criminal case, private reconciliation is prohibited; the other is that the case seriously violating the filial piety is prohibited to carry out private reconciliation. The operational mechanism of the mediation mainly introduces the two parties, the mediator, the mediation place, the general procedures and the closing way for mediation.Part Five mainly introduces the basic analysis and evaluation of the mediation system in the Qing Dynasty. Through the discussion of the above four parts, this paper sums up the characteristics of the mediation system in the Qing Dynasty, i.e. The broad scope of mediation, various basis, function of teaching morals and diversified and flexible meditation forms, direct meditation target and sympathy with the people. In addition, in the "Fan Shan Verdict", we can see three prominent features in the mediation system of the Qing Dynasty. Namely, the disgust for legal pettifogger, the magistrate’s straightaway colloquial expression and the comparatively large quantities of mediation cases closed in the Qing Dynasty. Meanwhile, the author analyzes the causes of the Qing Dynasty mediation system and makes a discussion from the perspective of both the people and officials. The reasons people chose mediation to close their cases consist of four aspects.The first is based on the consideration of litigation costs; the second on the consideration of harmonious relations with neighbors, the third on people’s fear of litigation, and the fourth is because of the institutional restrictions on lawsuits. The reasons for Officials to choose mediation closed include 3 perspectives:the official performance evaluation, the shortage of judicial resources and officials’non-litigation values. In the end, this paper evaluates the Qing Dynasty Mediation system and concludes that:although the mediation system has limitations, its positive role can not be ignored and we have to carefully study and minimize its limitations while maximize its positive role.At last, the author obtains a conclusion, and discusses how to learn from the mediation system in the Qing Dynasty. It has great significance to study and learn from the mediation system in the Qing Dynasty. And it helps to solve the contemporary pressing issues which the justice faces, improve the contemporary judicial practice, enhance the level of contemporary lawsuit mediation and promote the building of harmonious society.更多还原