明清北京成贤街考略

【作者】 王静；

【导师】 李建平；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 历史学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 国子监街,元时已经形成。明时称“国子监孔庙”。清时称“成贤街”。民国以后称“国子监”。如今被称之国子监街。国子监街立有四座牌楼,街口的东西两座,额坊题“成贤街”,国子监附近左右各一座,额坊题“国子监”。国子监街多平房民居,保存着旧京街巷风貌,其周围的胡同,大都与国子监相关,诸如官书院胡同、国学胡同、箭厂胡同、方家胡同等。国子监的历史发展轨迹是,元代至元二十四年(1287),世祖忽必烈在大都城的崇仁门(今东直门)内的这条大街上修建了“国子学”。到元大德六年(1302)正式修建了孔庙,大德十年(1307)庙成,同年又在孔庙西正式修建了国子监,体现了“左庙右学”的规制。明祟祯八年(1635)刊印的《帝京景物略》则有了这样的记载：“都城东北艮隅,瞻其坊曰‘崇教’,步其街曰‘成贤’,国子监在焉。”清时称“成贤街”,乾隆皇帝赞其为“京师为首善之区,而国子监为首善之地”从建筑方面来看,作为该条街上的主要建筑,孔庙和国子监合于“左庙右学”的古制,分别作为皇帝祭祀孔子的场所和中央最高学府。两组建筑群都采取沿中轴线而建、左右对称的中国传统建筑方式,组成了一套完整、宏伟、壮丽的古代建筑群。从文化方面来看,成贤街是元、明、清三代具有中华传统文化特色,崇德尚义的道德文明就从这里传向四方,教化民众。当代传承历史,播撒文明,做圣人邻里,当首善使者,安定门街道全力打造国子监现代文明特色社区。成贤街在北京文化占据着独特地位。本题选取成贤街的历史演变以及在历史发展过程中对京师文化的作用和影响为主题,全面探讨成贤街布局的变化、元明清三朝对其管理以及此街区在京师文化发展中的作用,以期在前人研究的基础上加以补充和完善,并对成贤街的街巷变化和历史价值作一定程度的分析。已有研究成果对国子监关注较多,本文将街、庙学作为整体加以研究,这是本文的整体特点。更多还原

【Abstract】 Imperial Academy Street has been formed in Yuan Dynasty, called "Imperial College" in Ming, "Imperial Academy Street" in Qing, and "the Imperial College" in Republic of China, and named as "Guozijian Street" now. Four archways are built in the Imperial Academy Street, two of which caved with "Chenxian Street" are located at the entrance of the street, other two are situated near Imperial Academy with "Guozijian" engraved on it. With many residential houses there, the Imperial Academy linking many Hutongs around it, such as Guoxuehutong, Jianchanghutong, Fangjiahutong and so on, remains the style and feature of old Bejing-street.The construction of Imperial Academy should go back to the period of Yuan Dynasty. According to Kublai Khan’s instruction, the project of "Guozixue"in Yuan at Chongren Gate of Dadu have lasted for twenty-four years since establishment of Yuan. Confucius Temple founded officially in Dade six-year and Imperial Academy built in Dade ten-year refer to the rules as "Confucian temple should be at the left, and the Imperial College should be at the right", "the summary about feature of Dadu" printed in 1635 presents that Imperial Academy is situated at Chengxian Street in the northeast of Dadu. "Chengxian Street", called in Qing Dynasty, was commended that the Imperial Academy was the best place to gain the education in the capital by Emperor Qianlong.From the architectural aspect, as the main buildings along the street Confucian temple and Imperial College are the place in which the emperor offered sacrifices to Confucius and the highest educational institute in feudal China respectively, keeping with the tradition of ’the temple in the left and the academy in the right’. According with the traditional architectural ways, the two buildings are constructed along the axle wire, and the left side and the right side are symmetrical, making up a set of complete and magnificent historic ensemble.From the cultural aspect, Chengxian Street is the source of the Chinese traditional culture of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty. The contemporary times is inheriting and passing on cultural heritage. Andingmen neighbourhood office is doing its best to construct an Imperial College community which is modern, cultural and characteristic, because Chengxian Street is playing the unique role in the culture of Beijing.更多还原