【作者】 李静；

【导师】 莫建初；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 白蚁是一种古老的社会性昆虫。个体虽小,但其危害不容小觑。其危害几乎涉及国民经济各个领域。我国每年因白蚁危害造成的经济损失达20-25亿元。且白蚁危害隐蔽也给防治工作带来困难。上世纪后五十年来,氯丹、灭蚁灵作为持效久、廉价杀白蚁剂在白蚁防治行业中受到广泛使用。但这两种药剂对环境和人类的危害要远远超过益处。2001年5月22日《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》中将这两种药列入其中,要求采取措施立即淘汰其生产和使用。因此寻找安全的可替代方法成为白蚁防治的重要方向。白蚁监测控制系统作为环境友好型防治方法,符合IPM防治技术理念。本文以危害严重的两种白蚁黑胸散白蚁和台湾乳白蚁为研究对象,开展新型毒饵的防治白蚁效果的研究。主要研究了黑胸散白蚁和台湾乳白蚁野外巢群的生态学,同时对五种毒饵产品灭杀台湾乳白蚁和黑胸散白蚁野外巢群的效果进行评价。主要研究结果如下：(1)白蚁巢群取食种群数量：黑胸散白蚁巢群的取食个体数量在17422-158731头之间,台湾乳白蚁巢群的取食个体数量在61745-2427089头之间。白蚁巢群的活动范围：黑胸散白蚁巢群的取食活动范围在0.15m-2.10m之间,台湾乳白蚁巢群的取食活动范围在6.00m-64.50m之间。白蚁巢群的取食量：在2009年8月-2009年10月这段时间里,黑胸散白蚁巢群的取食量在0.91g-21.33g之间,台湾乳白蚁巢群的取食量在5.23g-428.99g之间。(2)白蚁饵剂的应用效果美国陶氏益农公司生产的0.5%氟铃脲杀白蚁饵剂能100%杀灭白蚁巢群,黑胸散白蚁巢群被消灭所需的饵剂量约为93.6g/巢,所需时间为152-305d；台湾乳白蚁巢群被消灭所需的饵剂量约为562.5g/巢,所需时间为244-335d。美国恩斯特克斯公司生产的0.1%氟啶脲杀白蚁浓饵剂对白蚁也有很好的灭杀效果,在投饵量充足的情况下,也能100%杀灭白蚁巢群,黑胸散白蚁巢群被消灭所需的饵剂量约为107.0g/巢,所需时间为152-335d；台湾乳白蚁巢群被消灭所需的饵剂量约为332.0g/巢,所需时间为305-335d。广东科健白蚁虫害防治有限公司生产的0.1%杀铃脲饵剂能100%杀灭白蚁巢群,黑胸散白蚁巢群被消灭所需的饵剂量约为82.5g/巢,所需时间为244-305d;台湾乳白蚁巢群被消灭所需的饵剂量约为483.3g／巢,所需时间为244-335d。江苏省常州晔康化学制品有限公司生产的0.08%氟虫胺杀白蚁饵片只能杀灭部分巢群。出现这种结果的主要原因是：(1)易长霉：在下雨后几天内投放时,由于土壤非常潮湿,投放的饵剂极易长霉,导致白蚁不取食饵剂；(2)有驱避性：在投放饵剂后的一段时间里,饵剂对白蚁表现出明显的驱避性,只有当饵料中的药物逐渐降解到一定浓度后,白蚁才会取食。湖北省武汉天惠生物工程有限公司生产的0.0025%吡虫啉杀白蚁饵剂也只能杀灭部分巢群。这种产品存在的主要问题是：(1)只适合天气在较长时间内不降雨的情况下应用,因为在这样的气候条件下,土壤湿度相对较低,饵剂霉变较慢,白蚁才会去取食；(2)不同饵块的有效成分含量可能存在差异,测试过程中我们发现这种饵剂的部分饵块对白蚁具有明显的驱避性,这说明这些饵块内的有效成分含量超过了白蚁能接受的浓度。更多还原

【Abstract】 Termites are ancient social insects. Although termites’body is small, the destructions generated by them are very horrendous. They cause damage almost in every economic domain in China. The direct economic losses that termite caused were estimated at 2-2.5 billion RMB annually in our country. The cryptic damage caused by termites was hard to estimate. The latter half of last century, chlordane and mirex as longlasting and inexpensive insecticides were used popularly in termite control industry. But these chemical insecticides have great harms to environment and human being compared to the advantages they generated. These two persistent organic pollutants have been listed in the elimination listing of Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in May 22,2001. The convention appeals the signed countries to ban the production and use of chlordane and mirex as soon as possible. Therefore searching safe and friendly environmentally alternative control methods play an important role in termite control. Termite monitoring control system is a friendly environmentally control method and is in agreement to the idea of termite IPM. In our studies, we tested two kinds of termites (Reticulitermes chinensis and Coptotermes formosanus) and evaluated the control efficacy of five baits against these two termites. We also studied the ecology of these two termites in field. In addition, we studied eliminating efficacy of five termite baits to whole colonies of these two termites in field. Major research results are as follows:(1) Estimation of foraging population size of termite colony:test results indicated that the foraging individual number ranges from 17422 to 158731 for R. chinensis colonies and from 61745 to 2427089 for C. formosanus colonies. The territory of termite colony activity ranges from 0.15 m to 2.10 m for R. chinensis colonies and from 6.00 m to 64.50 m for C. formosanus colonies. The amount of wood consumption of termite colony:The test results indicated that the amount of wood consumption from August to October in 2009 ranges from 0.91 g to 21.33g for R. chinensis colonies and from 5.23g to 428.99g for C. formosanus colonies.(2) Eliminating efficacy of five kinds of baits to termitesThe 0.5%hexaflumuzon bait can eradicate termite colonies completely. The average amount of baits that eradicated R. chinensis was about 93.6g/colony and the needed time ranges from 152 d to 305 d. The amount of baits that eradicated C. formosanus was about 562.5g/colony and the needed time ranges from 244 d to 335 d.The 0.1%chlorfluazuron bait also has good eradication effectiveness to termites. Ample baits can eliminate all colonies completely. The average amount of baits that eradicated R. chinensis colonies was about 107.0 g/colony and the needed time ranges from 152 d to 335 d. The average amount of baits that eradicated C. formosanus colonies was about 332.0 g/colony and the needed time ranges from 305 d to 335 d.The 0.1%triflumuron bait could eliminate termite colonies completely. The average amount of baits that eradicated R. chinensis colonies was about 82.5 g/colony and the needed time ranges from 244 d to 305 d. The average amount of baits that eradicated C. formosanus colonies was about 483.3 g/colony and the needed time ranges from 244 d to 335 d.The 0.08%sulfluramid bait only eradicated part of colonies. Main reasons generated this result had two One was bait became mould easily. During the rainy days, the soil was very moist. The baits are likely to mould and termites refused to feed mould baits. Another was bait was repellent to termites. This bait has obvious repellence to termites when it was applied but termite would feed this bait after the active ingredient in bait decreased to certain concentration.The 0.0025%imidacloprid bait only eliminated part of colonies. This bait has some shortages:(1) the bait can only be applied at the weather that has no rain for a long time. Because under this weather condition, the humidity of weather is relatively low and the bait goes mould slowly, termites can feed on these baits. (2) The active ingredient concentration of each bait cake is different. We found some baits have obvious repellency to termites during the period of our test. This phenomenon suggested the active ingredient in the bait cake exceed the concentration that termites accepted.更多还原