【作者】 陈军；

【导师】 李汝莘；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农业推广， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 测量是在科学技术、工农业生产、国内外贸、工程项目以及日常生活的各个领域中不可缺少的一项工作。测量的目的是确定被测量的量值,测量结果的质量如何,测量结果是否有用,在很大程度上取决于其不确定度的大小。测量不确定度理论是20世纪60年代提出并逐渐发展的,测量不确定度是测量质量的定量评定,是测量系统最基本也是最重要的特征指标,在质量、计量诸领域都得到广泛应用,特别是国际贸易的发展,检测数据的质量高低要在国际间得到验证比对和承认,对数据的准确性和可靠性提出了更高的要求。测量不确定度的概念以及不确定度的评定和表示方法的采用,是计量科学的一个新发展,是在现代误差理论基础上建立和完善的,是测量结果评定标准化和规范化的重要体现。实验室是生产试验、科学研究必不可少的重要基地,实验室的工作要得到认可,须遵守《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》(ISO/IEC 17025),对实验仪器进行全面评定,其中测量不确定度和统计分析是非常重要的,是实验室建设的基石。实验记录中记载着大量的测量数据,怎样处理实验数据,要有一个共同约定最佳处理方案,这一方案是随科学技术的发展不断修改和完善的。在基础实验教学中要贯彻执行这一方案,并通过教学实践使学生学会实验数据的处理方法。近年来,一些高校的基础实验教学中逐渐引入测量不确定度的概念,并在教学和科研中加以应用。我校已经将测量不确定度写入《大学物理实验》教材,并逐渐运用到实验教学当中,在实验仪器系统的组建当中发挥作用。本文介绍了测量不确定度研究的目的意义、应用现状及不确定度的评定方法等,详细分析了测量不确定度与误差概念的区别,对标准不确定度的定义,不确定度的基本公式,不确定度的评定的全过程,以及概率分布、置信因子等不确定度分析计算过程中的诸要素都作了详细的论述。并从实际测量过程中,选取牛顿环实验和用拉伸法测金属丝的静态杨氏模量作为实例,进行了具体的测量不确定度应用分析,针对通常不确定度的运用过程中运算繁杂、掌握困难、不易理解等问题,做出适当的简化处理,根据测量不确定度的要求,通过评定实验,建立数学模型,分析不确定度来源,分别对不确定度分量进行评定,给出规范的评定结果。通过实验和理论分析,澄清了常被混淆的有关概念,结合实例的应用研究,提供了选择合理实验方案的有效途径。随着高等学校素质教育的全面推进,测量不确定度的理论应充实到实验教学当中。掌握不确定度的概念,加强测量不确定度理论应用方面的研究,应作为大学基础实验教学内容改革的一个重要环节。本文对不确定度的论述和实例介绍,有助于测量不确定度的正确运用和提高实验结果的可靠性,对于深入开展测量不确定度在基础实验应用和研究将会起到一定的促进。关键词:不确定度,实验数据,实例更多还原

【Abstract】 Measurement is a job that is necessary in science and technology, industrial and agricultural production, domestic trade, construction projects and all areas of daily life. The purpose of measurement is to confirm the magnitude of variable, the value of the uncertainty determines that if the result of the measurement is good or useful.Uncertainty theory is brought forward and developed gradually in the 1980s, measuring uncertainty is the quantitative evaluation of quality. It is the basic and the most important characteristics of measuring system and it is widely used in quality and metering areas and so on.Because of the development of international trade the accuracy and reliability of the data are highly requested in order that the quality of detecting data could be verified, compared and recognized in the world. The definition of measuring uncertainty ,uncertainty assessment and the adoption representation methods are the development of metering science, and it is built and perfected base on the modern theory of error , It is also an important embodiment of the standardization of results.Laboratory is an important base that is necessary for production test and scientific research. ISO / IEC 17025 must be observed to generally assembled the instruments in order that the laboratory work could be recognized。Measuring uncertainty and statistical analysis are very important and they are the base of laboratory construction. There are a large number of measuring data in experiment record, It needs a best handling scheme which is jointly agreed to deal with the experimental data, this scheme is constantly modified and perfected with the development of science and technology. We should execute the scheme totally in basic experiment teaching and make the students know the handling methods of experimental data through teaching practice. Recently the concept of measuring uncertainty is gradually introduced in the basic experiment teaching in some colleges and applied in teaching and research. In our school measurement uncertainty has been edited into the teaching materials of "college physics experiment", and it is gradually applied to the experimental teaching and brings an effect in the formation of the experimental apparatus system.This article describes the purpose and meaning of uncertainty study,the present situation of apply and the evaluation methods of measuring uncertainty. A detailed analysis about the difference between the measuring uncertainty and the concept of the error is described in this article. The definition of standard uncertainty, the basic formula of uncertainty, the whole assessment process of uncertainty and the probability distribution, confidence factors and other factors in the analyzing and calculating process of uncertainty are described in detail。It also analyses the apply of measuring uncertainty in a specific manner according to the experiment of Newton’s rings and measuring wire tension with the static Young’s modulus,and the article make the simplification in allusion to the problems that happen in the process of uncertainty apply such as it is complicated to calculate,difficult to grasp and hard to understand.According to the requisition of uncertainty and through the assess experiment,we built mathematical model,analyze the sources of uncertainty,assess the uncertainty and then give a canonical result of assess.The concepts that are easily confused are clarified in this article through the analysis of theory and experiments。This article provides the effective way of how to elect a proper experimental scheme by combining the research of actual examples.The theory of measuring uncertainty should be completed to the experimentalteaching with the overall advance of quality-oriented education in college.To grasp the concept of uncertainty and strengthen the research of measurement uncertainty apply should be an important link of the reformation in basic experiment study. The description of uncertainty and examples in this article help to apply the measuring uncertainty correctly , raise the reliability of experimental results and encourage to accelerate the apply and research of uncertainty in basic experiment.更多还原