【作者】 黄毅；

【导师】 唐茜； 韩宝瑜；

【作者基本信息】 四川农业大学 ， 茶学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 在名茶西湖龙井原产地选10个茶园环境和栽培措施都具有特点的典型茶园,即山林间茶园、半自然状态茶园、普通丰产茶园、优质丰产茶园、资源圃、村庄边茶园、林溪边茶园、风景区茶园、茶林间作茶园、山坡上茶园,从2007年9月至2008年12月即对各类茶园中茶尺蠖及其主要寄生性天敌茶尺蠖绒茧蜂和单白绵绒茧蜂的数量动态进行了调查,经统计分析,得到以下结果:①10类茶园中,山坡上茶园中的绒茧蜂和茶尺蠖虫口数量都是10类茶园中最多的,但是绒茧蜂的数量相对于茶尺蠖来说则较少,绒茧蜂数量是茶尺蠖数量的0.1578倍,不足以控制茶尺蠖的为害;普通丰产、优质丰产和风景区茶园茶尺蠖数量较大,绒茧蜂数量相对较少,绒茧蜂数量是茶尺蠖数量的0.1720、0.1738和0.6441倍,不能有效地控制茶尺蠖;山林间、半自然状态、资源圃、村庄边、林溪边和茶林间作茶园绒茧蜂的数量比茶尺蠖多,分别是茶尺蠖数量的2.8939、2.4800、1.6250、3.0882、7.3333和1.1769倍。最后6类茶园的茶尺蠖为害轻,绒茧蜂能将茶尺蠖控制在为害水平以下。10类茶园绒茧蜂种群对茶尺蠖种群具有较好的跟随效应。②10类茶园之间,茶丛下层中茶尺蠖虫口密度差异最大、上层中茶尺蠖虫口密度差异最小,茶尺蠖都集中于茶丛下层,上层较少。茶园中层中绒茧蜂密度差异最大、上层最小。茶丛下层绒茧蜂数量较少,绒茧蜂都集中在茶丛上、中层,尤以中层居多。③10类茶园中,风景区茶园茶尺蠖上、中、下层间差异最大,下层数量最多,中层其次,上层最少;其次是优质丰产、茶林间作茶园;其余7类茶园上、中、下层间差异不显著,说明在这几类茶园中茶尺蠖在茶树不同位置上分布较均匀。就各茶园上、中、下层绒茧蜂的数量差异,山林间、半自然状态茶园差异最大;其次是优质丰产、风景区、茶林间作茶园;普通丰产、资源圃、村庄边、林溪边、山坡上茶园上、中、下层间差异不显著,绒茧蜂在这几类茶园中茶树不同位置上分布较均匀。④茶园生态环境和栽培措施对茶尺蠖和绒茧蜂虫口密度的影响较大,环境好、生态系统复杂、生物多样性大的茶园中,茶尺蠖虫口密度小,绒茧蜂虫口密度大,表现为茶园自身对茶尺蠖和绒茧蜂的自然调控力较强,使茶尺蠖与绒茧蜂之间处于较好的平衡状态。分析认为:普通丰产茶园、优质丰产茶园化学农药使用量大,长期使用化学农药,严重影响了茶园的生态平衡,在茶尺蠖发生期其数量会骤增,而天敌数量相对较少。也证明了茶园害虫防治应采用的理念:尽量采取农业的、生物的等非化学防治措施,减少化学农药的使用,以调控害虫种群密度,提高茶园生物多样性,实现茶园生态平衡。还进行了茶尺蠖绒茧蜂的触角电位实验。选源于健康茶梢和茶尺蠖幼虫为害茶梢的27种挥发性化合物,以液体石蜡为溶剂,配制10^-2g/mL、10^-4 g/mL和10^-6 g/mL三个剂量的供试味源,测定茶尺蠖幼虫期重要天敌茶尺蠖绒茧蜂的触角电生理反应。结果表明:①基于化合物种类的分析,发现脂肪酸衍生物引起较强EAG反应,其次为芳香化合物和异硫氰酸酯,再次为倍半萜类和单萜类。反-2-戊烯醛、顺-3-己烯乙酸酯、苯乙醇、反-2-己烯醛、苯甲醇和苯乙酮引起的EAG反应值较大,1-戊烯-3-醇、2-戊烯-1-醇、顺-3-己烯-1-醇、香叶醇、罗勒烯、α-萜品烯、（+）-雪松醇、（+）-3-蒈烯、α-忽布烯、Z-茉莉酮和β-紫罗酮引起的EAG反应值较小。②从低剂量向高剂量,三个剂量引起的EAG反应值之间的差异很大,10^-2 g/ml引起的EAG反应显著。③化学结构分析表明醛类引起的EAG反应较强,醇类引起的较弱。④通过组配,由反-2-己烯醛、顺-3-己烯-1-醇和芳樟醇组配的混合物引起的EAG反应最大,顺-3-己烯乙酸酯次之,反-2-戊烯醛又次之。EAG试验结果可为研制绒茧蜂诱集剂提供参考,即选用EAG反应强烈的组分恰当组配,筛选出诱效最佳的组合,引导茶尺蠖绒茧蜂飞向高密度的茶尺蠖幼虫种群中产卵寄生。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ten typical tea gardens with environment and cultivation characteristics,i.e.tea garden among mountain forest,half-natural condition tea garden,common fertility tea garden,high efficient fertility tea garden,national tea plant idioplasm resource garden,tea garden around village,tea garden beside forests and brooks,tour tea garden in resort,tea and forest intercrop tea garden,and tea garden on hillside,were chose as the experimental tea gardens.From September of 2007 to December of 2008,the population density of tea geometrids and Apanteles spp.were surveyed.Through the statistical analysis,the following results had been acquired:①Among ten types of tea gardens,the population of tea geometrid or the population of Apanteles spp.in tea garden on hillside was the largest;however,the ratio of Apanteles spp.to tea geometrid population was less,and the population of Apanteles spp.was as 0.1578 times as the population of tea geometrid.Apanteles spp.could not control tea geometrid effectively.The population density of tea geometrid in common fertility tea garden,high efficient fertility tea garden and tour tea garden in resort were larger,and the population density of Apanteles spp.less,too.And the population of Apanteles spp.was as 0.1720,0.1738 and 0.6441 times as that of tea geometrid,respectively.Apanteles spp.could not suppress tea geomrtrid availably.The population of Apanteles spp.was as 2.8939, 2.4800,1.6250,3.0882,7.3333 and 1.1769 times as that of tea geometrid in tea garden among mountain forest,half-natural condition tea garden,national tea plant idioplasm resource garden,tea garden around village,tea garden beside forests and brooks,tea and forest intercrop tea garden,in turn.In the latter six types of tea gardens tea geometrids did not damaded tea plants badly.As a whole,in each tea garden the population of Apanteles spp.followed the population of tea geometrid obviously.②Among ten types of tea gardens,the difference in the population density from the lower layer of tea clump was the largest,and the difference in the population density from the upper layer of tea clump was the least.Tea geometrids aggregated in the lower layer of tea clump,with minor population in the upper layer of tea clump.The difference in the population density of Apanteles spp.from the middle layer of tea clump was the largest,and the difference in the population density from the upper layer of tea clump was the least.Apanteles spp.aggregated in the upper and middle layers of tea clump,especially the middle layer,with minor population in the lower layer of tea clump.③Among ten types of tea gardens,the difference in population of tea geometrid within upper,middle and lower layer from the tour tea garden in resort was the largest, with the largest population of tea geometrid in the lower layer,the intermediate population in the middle layer,and the minor population in the upper layer.The difference was the next in high efficient fertility tea garden and tea and forest intercrop tea garden.The difference in the other tea gardens was not significant,which meant the vertical distribution of population of tea geometrid were even relatively.As for the difference in the population of Apanteles spp.in the upper,middle and lower layer,the difference was the largest in tea garden among mountain forest and half-natural condition tea garden.The difference was the intermediate in the high efficient fertility tea garden,tour tea garden in resort and tea and forest intercrop tea garden.The difference was not significant in common fertility tea garden,national tea plant idioplasm resource garden,tea garden around village,tea garden beside forests and brooks and tea garden on hillside,,which meant the vertical distribution of population of Apanteles spp. were even relatively.④Environment and cultivation measures affected the population of tea geometrid and the population of Apanteles spp.In the tea garden with excellent environment conditions, complex ecosystem and great biodiversity,the population density of tea geometrid was low and that of Apanteles spp.was high.The natural regulation potential of tea garden to tea geometrid and Apanteles spp.is strong,which makes both in ecological equilibrium state.Through the analysis it is consided that more insecticides have been applied in common fertility tea garden and high efficient fertility tea garden,and long-term usage of pesticides broke the the ecological equilibrium in tea garden.Usually,the population of tea geometrid increases suddenly.The population density of Apanteles spp.is low.We think that agricultural,biological and other non-chemical measures should be applied as possible, so as to decrease and avoid the application of chemical insecticides,to mediate the population density of pests,to enhance biodiversity,and to realize the ecological equilibrium in tea garden system.Antennal-electrophysiological experiments of Apanteles sp.have been executed. Twenty-seven volatile compounds from the intact and tea geometrid larvae-damaged tea shoots,dissolved liquid paraffin at three dosages of 10^-2 g/ml,10^-4g/ml and 10^-6g/ml, served as the tested odors,which were used in the detection of antennal-electrophysiological responses of Apanteles sp.that was the important natural enemy in the larval stage of tea geometrid.The results showed that:①on account of the category of the compounds,the fatty acid derivatives elicited the stronger EAG responses, the next were the aromatics and isothiocyanate,and the third were the sesquiterpenes and the monoterpenes.E-2-pentenal,Z-3-hexenyl acetate,phenethyl alcohol,E-2-hexenal, benzyl alcohol and acetophenone elicited the larger EAG response values,while 1-penten-3-ol,2-penten-1-ol,Z-3-hexen-1-ol,geraniol,ocimene,α- terpinen,（+）-cedrol, （+）-3-caren,α-humulen,Z-Jasmone andβ-lonone elicited the less EAG values;②from low to high dosage,the odors elicited EAG values with very great difference,and the dosage 10^-2g/ml elicited the very large EAG values;③being based upon the analysis of chemical structure,the aldehydes elicited the stronger EAG responses,but the alcohols elicited the weaker EAG responses;④through the combination,E-2-hexenal, Z-3-hexen-1-ol and linalool composed blend 1,which elicited the largest EAG value,the next was Z-3-hexenyl acetate,and the third was E-2-pentenal.It was discussed that how to form a blend with the strong active by means of the combination of infochemicals,so as to achieve the much more stronger attracting activity to the parasitic wasp,and guide the parasitic wasp to lay egg into larvae of tea geometrids effectually.更多还原