节点文献
关联性对负启动的影响以及意识的作用
【作者】 刘畅；
【导师】 王勇慧；
【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2009， 硕士
【摘要】 负启动的出现依赖于探测显示中分心物的呈现,这是近来对负启动的研究中达成的共识。但是对这个论断的反驳也不乏其人。其中有一种新的观点认为,负启动效应不是依赖于探测显示中分心物的呈现,而是依赖于探测显示和启动显示之间的关联性的消失或者降低。并且,在其以单词作为实验材料研究负启动的实验中,不依赖与探测显示里分心物的呈现就获得了负启动效应。本研究正是在这种观点的基础上,探讨关联性对负启动的影响,以及负启动机制的一些基本问题。包括个体对负启动效应的意识情况。本研究应用了负启动效应范式实验,一个试验里包括启动显示和探测显示两部分,被试对这两部分里的靶子都需要做出反应。我们一共做了3个实验,其中一个实验的任务是汉字字体结构判断,另外两个实验的任务是汉字的真假判断。我们用汉字做实验材料,任务难度上字体结构判断要易于汉字真假判断。实验1是我们的一个基础性的实验,应用完全平衡的实验设计,不涉及关联性。在部分条件里(不带分心物时),我们得到了负启动效应;而在另外的条件里(带分心物时),没有得到负启动效应(这与近来对负启动效应达成的共识相悖:负启动效应的出现依赖于探测显示中分心物的呈现)。实验1的双相结果表明探测显示里的分心物的存在与否不是负启动效应出现与否的主要原因。在这个基础上,我们在实验2和实验3中设置关联性。然后把反应时和控制条件下的试验比较,发现负启动效应范式的忽视条件下,出现了易化效应,负启动效应全部消失。可见是一种内在的变量影响了个体的反应。由于实验1和实验3的条件除了关联性的设置之外完全一样,我们暂时认为是人为设置的关联性导致了负启动效应的消失。本研究支持关联性影响负启动效应的观点。并且讨论了负启动的TAP理论和其适用性。在高关联性实验反应(实验2和实验3)后,让被试回答递进的三个问题,通过口头报告的方法,考察个体的意识参与情况。根据其是否报告出了关联性把被试分成有明确意识,有粗略意识和无意识三组。数据结果显示有半数的被试对关联性设置有意识或者模糊意识,这可能与性格因素和成长环境有关。重要的是我们得知个体没有主动意识到关联性的时候,也可以用它来指导自己的反应,表现在反应时间上的负启动效应量没有组间差异,被试都表现出易化现象。本研究通过实验,提出个体的外在行为受环境影响,有时候不能受自己的主动控制,做出环境期望的行为。但是这仅在低水平的行为反应上出现。本研究支持关联性影响负启动效应的观点。对于这种影响如何起作用,本文里也做了讨论。
【Abstract】 Recently more and more people who included in negative priming research have concluded that negative priming is relaying on the display of distracter in the probe display. However, there are some adversaries. One of these arguments is that negative priming is relaying on the disappearance of contingency between probe and prime other than the display of distracter in the probe display. And they obtained the negative priming in the experience which used words as stimulus.On the basis of past study, this research is focus on the influence of contingency between probe and prime and the role of consciousness. We use the standard negative priming paradigms which include two parts, probe display after priming display. Both of these two parts have one target and one distracter (or no distracter).Subjects are asked to act towards to the target and ignored the distracter. Here are three experiments, one of them ask subject to decide the targetword--Chinese character--structure. Whether it is up--down or right--left. The others asksubject to name whether the character is true or false. These two tasks is a little hard than last one. We set high contingency between probe and prime in two of these experiments, experiment 2 and experiment 3. And compared to the control one, as expect, we find facility instead of negative priming in ignored repetition, these findings supports the contingency viewpoint. There may be some other implicit variable which can influence performance.In the high contingency experiments, subjects were asked to answer three questions. Through this way, we study the role of consciousness in the performance. We find that about half of the subjects say they have aware the contingency between probe and prime explicit or implicit, this maybe relay on there characters and cognitive styles. On the basis of there report we divided them into three segments. One is exactly aware the contingency, another is implicitly aware, the last one has no consciousness about contingency. We also find that subjects can use the high contingency between probe and prime to guide his performance even if he has not aware it. Then we think that someone’s explicit performance is influenced by scene and act towards scenery biased aspect. Sometimes this is out of control. However this phenomenon happen on low level performance.We suggest that contingency surely affect negative priming. But how? We will discuss it in this essay.