【作者】 纪春涛；

【导师】 姜兴印；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农药学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究采用冬暖大棚土壤施药和盆栽试验,研究了噻唑膦对土壤酶活性和黄瓜幼苗安全性的影响,以及对南方根结线虫的防治效果。通过分析土壤水解酶、氧化还原酶、黄瓜根部三种保护酶、MDA含量、根系活力的变化,初步探讨了噻唑膦对土壤环境和作物生长安全性的影响,现将试验结果总结如下:1.采用冬暖大棚土壤施药,研究了噻唑膦在田间条件下对蔬菜大棚土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,噻唑膦对土壤脲酶的影响较明显,各剂量处理均表现为激活-抑制-激活作用;噻唑膦对蔗糖酶以抑制作用为主,各剂量处理均表现为激活-抑制作用;对过氧化氢酶的影响相对较小,低剂量(10%颗粒剂22.5 kg/hm2,30 kg/hm2)表现为激活作用,高剂量(60 kg/hm2)表现为抑制作用,且激活或抑制作用都不显著。施药期到50 d后,大棚土壤中脲酶和蔗糖酶活性都能逐渐恢复到正常水平。2.噻唑膦对土壤酶的室内培养试验的测定结果表明,噻唑膦处理土壤后,对土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的影响与盆栽试验的结果具有相似性。各浓度对土壤脲酶表现为刺激-抑制-刺激作用;各浓度处理对土壤蔗糖酶活性影响的变化规律基本一致,表现为刺激-抑制-恢复对照水平的作用;对过氧化氢酶的影响相对较小,激活或抑制作用都不显著。各浓度处理对土壤磷酸酶均表现为抑制作用,且浓度越大,抑制作用越强烈。3.通过大棚盆栽药效试验,研究了10%噻唑膦对南方根结线虫病的防治效果。试验表明,10%噻唑膦22.5、30、45、60 kg/ hm2 4个处理对南方根结线虫病均有较好的防治效果,且防治效果随着施药量的增加而提高。药剂处理土壤并移栽番茄幼苗后第30 d,上述4个处理对南方根结线虫病的防效达到92.84%、93.17%、96.05%、97.07%。药剂处理第60 d时,对南方根结线虫病的防效达到92.55%、93.52%、94.23%、95.20%。对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫的防治效果的试验表明,噻唑膦22.5、30、45、60 kg/ hm2处理对根结线虫2龄幼虫均有良好的控制效果。移栽番茄幼苗后第15 d,上述个剂量对2龄幼虫的防治效果分别达到81.24%、83.12%和85.47%、86.61%;移栽后30 d,4个处理的杀虫效果仍达到80%左右。4.通过盆栽试验,研究了噻唑膦对黄瓜根系生长发育、根活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,高剂量(45、60 kg/ hm2)的噻唑膦处理,其根长、根鲜重都明显小于对照,而低剂量(15、22.5、30 kg/hm2)影响不显著。对于根活力,低剂量处理(15、22.5、30 kg/hm2)高于对照,而高剂量处理(45、60 kg/ hm2)低于对照水平。SOD和POD两种酶,在3个低剂量(15、22.5、30 kg/hm2)的施药量时,其酶活与对照相当;而2个高剂量(45、60 kg/hm2)处理的酶活,都显著高于对照。噻唑膦各处理CAT的活性和MDA含量均高于对照。更多还原

【Abstract】 Fosthiazate was a new nematicide. The effects of fosthiazate on the activities of soil enzyme activity, Safety of Cucumber Seedling and control of Meloidogyne incognita was studied in the pot trial and in greenhouse by soil application. It also studied the effects of fosthiazate on soil entironment and security of crop by soil hydrolase, soil oxidoreductase, three protective enzyme, root vigor, content of MDA of cucumber root.1. The effects of fosthiazate on the activities of soil urease, invertase, and catalase were studied in greenhouse by soil application. The results showed that fosthiazate had a significant effect on the activity of soil urease, with each concentration of fosthiazate showing a stimulation-inhibition-stimulation curve, the effect of each concentration on soil invertase showed a stimulation-inhibition action, but mostly with an inhibition effect. The low concentrations (10% pelletized granule 22.5 kg/hm2, 30 kg/hm2) showed a stimulation effect on soil catalase, the high concentration (60 kg/hm2) showed an inhibition effect, no significant difference existing between the stimulation and inhibition effect. The activities of soil urease and invertase returned to normal level gradually fifty days after application.2. The result of laboratory trial was similar to the pot trial. The activity of soil urease was stimulated then was inhibited, and then stimulated at each concentrations (0.5、1、5、10、50、100μg/g). Fosthiazate caused stimulation of soil invertase activity and then inhibition, and then resume to the level as the control. No significant difference existed between the stimulation and inhibition effects on soil catalase. The soil phosphatas activity was inhibited, and the inhibition rates increased with concentration.3. In the pot trial, the results showed that fosthiazate could econtrol tomato root-knot disease ffectively. When the nematode infested soil added with fosthiazate(22.5、30、45、60 kg/ hm2), the root-knot index was significantly reduced. There was a significant correlation between application dosage and control effect. The control effect advanced along with the concentrations of the fosthiazate. When tomatoes were transplanted 30 d, the control effectiveness of four concentrations were 92.84%, 93.17%, 96.05%and97.07%. When tomatoes were transplanted 60 d,the average control effectiveness of four concentrations were 92.55%, 93.52%, 94.23%and95.20%. The results revealed similar results to that of pot experiment. The number of juveniles in soil was reduced significantly. After 30 d, the average effect was also above 80%.4. The effects of fosthiazate on the growth and development of root, root vigor, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidese (POD) and catalase (CAT) were studied through pot experiment. The results showed that, length and fresh weight of root were lower than the control at high concentrations(45、60 kg/ hm2), but there was no significant difference between the low concentrations(15、22.5、30 kg/hm2) and the control. Root vigor were higher than the control at the low concentrations(15、22.5、30 kg/hm2), and lower at the high concentrations(45、60 kg/hm2). The activities of SOD and POD at the low concentrations(15、22.5、30 kg/hm2)were equivalent with the control, but that were observably higher at high concentrations(45、60 kg/hm2) than the control. Both the activity of CAT and the content of MDA were higher than the control at each concentrations.更多还原