从身份农民向职业农民转化的困境与出路研究

【作者】 王昊；

【导师】 陈春燕；

【作者基本信息】 长春理工大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 中国是农业大国,农民是社会结构中的最大多数。对中国农民问题的认识既要建立在中国国情的基础之上,也要建立在人类社会发展的客观规律的基础之上。当前,身份农民的存在已经不符合我国社会经济发展的客观规律,并且与现代化的标准相距甚远。按照二十一世纪中叶基本实现现代化的发展战略目标,我们还有九个五年计划的时间。我们必须要正视当前的形势与国情,继续解放思想,转变观念,从传统的思维方式中解放出来,用战略的眼光去思考和解决中国农民问题。当今,中国农民自身仍保留着传统的“自给自足的小生产者”特征,从事着落后的小农业生产,个体分散劳动,工作程序粗糙简单;另外,在新中国成立初期,国家实行“重工业优先”的发展战略政策,实施了一系列的城乡不平等的发展制度,逐步形成了二元结构制度,在二元结构制度和城乡不同的两种政策安排下,导致中国农民“小生产者”特征被不平等制度长期制度化地固化。中国农民难以摆脱“身份农民”的困绕,难以向规模化、技术化、现代化的职业农民发展。中国农民的现代化进程陷入困境。在西方现代化进程中,农民是被作为现代化的阻力而被消灭的。农民作为一个阶级,被认为是“历史的弃儿”,甚至成为历史的绊脚石。西方发达国家通过两条道路消灭和转化身份农民:一是早期的工业革命时期资本主义“剥削”农民的道路;二是早期殖民地剥削和不平等世界贸易体系积累的财富,以福利农民的形式保护农民和转化农民。第一条中国不能走,第二条道路中国又走不起。而中国要实现现代化,又不可能长期维持一个农业人口大国的状态。中国要实现现代化,要从农业国转变为工业国,就必须探索转化农民的新道路。解决中国身份农民向职业农民转化问题,必须把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合,把社会主义的基本原理与中国国情有机统一起来。正是因为中国是一个社会主义国家,而中国农民的政治、经济和社会身份主要是被不平等的社会制度固化的。因此,本论文主要从马克思主义平等观角度,分析中国身份农民向职业农民转化过程中的困境和成因,借鉴国外农民身份转变经验,提出适应于中国身份农民向职业农民转化的有效对策。本文主要分为五个部分:第一章,农民的界定。界定了农民概念,分析了身份农民内涵及特征和职业农民特质。首先,总结国内外各学者对“农民”概念研究,并对“农民”的概念进行了归纳;其次,根据马克思主义基本原理和现代中国农民具体情况,归纳出中国身份农民内涵及特征;最后,总结相关资料,归纳职业农民的特质。第二章,身份农民向职业转化的理论基石。分为三个方面:一是马克思恩格斯的平等观,主要是从社会经济关系和平等观的阶级性二个方面进行分析;二是马克思主义平等观中国化的发展,分析了毛泽东平等思想、邓小平社会主义平等思想和第三代领导集体平等观思想。三是通过现实意义和理论意义简要评述了马克思主义平等观促进农民身份转化的意义。第三章,从身份农民向职业农民转化困境分析。着重从更深入的分析身份农民向职业农民转化困境和成因。从社会地位、经济地位、农民素质、政治权利和社会保障五个方面表现农民身份转变的困境;从发展观念、社会体制、农村教育和传统思想四个方面分析了造成农民身份转变困境的成因。第四章,发达国家农民身份转化经验借鉴。通过分析发达国家农民发展的道路,并且提出对我国农民身份转化的启示。分析发达国家农民身份转变道理,通过比较发达国家农民转变的道路与中国具体国情的不同,提出我国我国农民转化必须走一条自主选择的转化之路及吸取国外农民身份转化的经验。第五章,从身份农民向职业农民转化对策分析。着重分析了农民身份转化的发展道路,提出构建促进身份农民向职业农民转化社会制度和提升农民文化自觉。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is the large agricultural nation, the farmer is in the social structure most majority. Must establish to the Chinese farmer question’s understanding in above the Chinese national condition foundation, must establish in above the human society development objective law foundation. Presently, the status farmer’s existence already did not conform to our country socio-economic development objective law, and differs greatly with the modernized standard. Achieves the modernized developmental strategy goal basically according to the 21st century middle period, we also have nine five-year plan time. We must face up to the current situation and the national condition, continues to emancipate the mind, the transformation idea, liberates from the traditional thinking mode, ponders and solves the Chinese farmer question with the strategic judgment.Nowadays, Chinese farmer oneself is retaining the tradition "the self-sufficient small producer" the characteristic, is being engaged in the small agricultural production which falls behind, the individual dispersion work, the working routine rough simple; moreover, in the new Chinese establishment initial period, the country implements "the heavy industry first" the developmental strategy policy, has implemented a series of city and countryside not equal development system, has formed two Yuan structure systems gradually, under two Yuan structure systems and the city and countryside different two kind of policy arrangement, causes the Chinese farmer "the small producer" the characteristic by not the equal system long-term institution solidification. The Chinese farmers get rid of "the status farmer" with difficulty circles sleepily, to the formalization, technologies; the modernized professional farmer develops with difficulty. The Chinese farmer’s modernization process falls into the difficult position.In the West modernization process, the farmer is eliminated as the modernized resistance. The farmer takes a social class, was considered that is "the historical abandoned baby", even becomes historical the stumbling obstacle. Western developed country through two path elimination and transformed status farmer: First, early Industrial Revolution time capitalism "exploitation" farmer’s path; Second, the early colony exploitation and not the equal world trade system accumulates the wealth, protects the fanner by the welfare fanner’s form and transforms the farmer. The first article China cannot walk, second path China cannot walk. But China must accomplish the modernization, is impossible to maintain an agricultural population great nation for a long time the condition. China must accomplish the modernization, must transform from the agricultural country into the industrialized country, must explore transforms farmer’s new path.Solves the Chinese status farmer to transform the question to the professional farmer, must the Marxism basic principle actual unify specifically with China, organically unifies socialism’s basic principle and the Chinese national condition. Is precisely because China is socialist countries, but Chinese farmer’s politics, the economy and the social status are mainly by not the equal social system solidification. Therefore, the present paper mainly from the Marxism equal view angle, analyzes the Chinese status farmer’s to professional farmer conversion process in difficult position and the origin, profits from the overseas farmer status transformation experience, proposed that adapts in the Chinese status farmer the effective remedy which transforms to the professional farmer.This article mainly divides into five parts:The first chapter, farmer limits. limited the farmer concept, analyzed the status farmer connotation and the characteristic and the professional farmer special characteristic. First, summarizes the domestic and foreign various scholars to be right "the farmer" the concept research, and right "farmer" the concept has carried on the induction; Next, according to the Marxism basic principle and the modern China farmer special details, induces the Chinese status farmer connotation and the characteristic; Finally, summarizes the correlation data, the induction professional farmer’s special characteristic.The second chapter, proposed that the status farmer the theory cornerstone which transforms to the occupation, divides into two aspects: First, the Marx Engels’s equal view, is mainly from view and so on social economy relations peace class two aspects carries on the analysis; Second, the Marxism equal view Chinese’s development, has analyzed the Mao Zedong equal thought that the Deng Xiaoping socialism equal thought and the third generation leads the collective equal view thought.The third chapter, transforms the difficult position and the origin emphatically from the more thorough analysis status farmer to the professional farmer. From the social position, the economic status, the farmer quality, the political rights and the social security five aspects display the difficult position which the fanner status transforms; From the development idea, the social system, the rural education and the traditional thought four aspects analyzed have created the farmer status transformation difficult position the origin.The fourth chapter, path which develops through the analysis country farmer, and proposed that transforms the enlightenment to our country farmer status. Analyzes the developed country farmer status transformation truth, transforms the path and the Chinese concrete national condition difference through the quite developed country farmer, proposed that our country our country farmers transform must follow an independent choice road of the transformation.The fifth chapter ,has analyzed the development path which emphatically the farmer status transforms, proposed that the construction promotion status fanner transforms the social system to the professional farmer and promotes the farmer culture to be aware.更多还原