【作者】 陈芳；

【导师】 邓祥瑞；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 法律， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 刑事赔偿制度作为人权保障的一项重要法律制度,其产生和发展有深厚的经济、人文基础和思想渊源,反映了国家权力与公民权利的分配机制,说明了社会形态是维护国家绝对权力的集权社会还是强调公民个体权利的民主社会。刑事赔偿制度是否完善更是衡量一国民主法制建设成果的重要标准,是社会文明、尊重人权、保护人权的显著标志。综观我国的刑事赔偿现状,目前在制度上还很不完善,在实践中也存在着很多问题,既影响了赔偿请求人合法权益的及时实现,也影响了国家司法机关的执法形象,因此,完善刑事赔偿制度既是保障公民基本权利的要求,又是我国建设法治国家的必经之路。国家赔偿起源于法国,之后逐步产生、发展,刑事赔偿制度也随之不断发展、完善。其特点是侵权主体是国家;刑事赔偿责任必须发生在刑事诉讼活动中;范围具有法定性;依照特定的程序进行。我国刑事赔偿制度由于历史原因产生发展较慢,自1994《国家赔偿法》制定才正式确立,我国刑事赔偿制度的基本原则是人权保障原则、迅速赔偿原则、依法赔偿原则、司法效率与权利保障相一致原则。刑事赔偿制度的主要内容包括赔偿义务机关、赔偿范围、赔偿程序等。与大陆法系和英美法系部分国家相比,我国的刑事赔偿制度存在以下缺陷:行政赔偿与刑事赔偿立法合一,归责原则不明,赔偿范围过窄等。由于起步较晚,我国刑事赔偿实践中存在的问题较多:存疑案件是否赔偿存在“肯定说”、“折衷说”、“否定说”三种不同的看法,导致执法分歧;共同赔偿程序繁琐、操作复杂,造成赔偿请求人的讼累;精神损失规定缺失,是国家赔偿立法的缺陷;刑事赔偿确认程序成为“挡箭牌”,不利于赔偿请求人合法权益的实现。这些问题的存在,已经阻滞了刑事赔偿制度的发展完善,为解决这些问题,可从立法上明确存疑案件赔偿问题,取消共同赔偿制度,在立法中增加规定精神损害赔偿,废除确认程序。我国刑事赔偿制度存在的问题还远不止于此,《国家赔偿法》的修改也已列入议事日程,就刑事赔偿制度的完善进行研究论证,对立法、执法都具有深刻的现实意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an important legal system ,Criminal compensation system for the protection of human rights has emergence and development of a strong economic, cultural and ideological basis of origin, reflects the civil rights and state power distribution mechanism, and explain that the community is a form of absolute power to safeguard the country’s centralization of power ,and a power which emphasizes on individual rights of the citizens of a democratic society. Criminal compensation for soundness of the system is a standard to measure a country’s democracy and legal system, and an important symbol of the civilized society, of the respect for human rights, and of the protection of human rights. Looking at our country’s criminal compensation for the status quo in the current system which is far from perfect, in practice there are a lot of problems that not only affect the timely achievement of compensation request of the legitimate rights and interests of the people, but also affects the country’s law enforcement image of the judiciary. Improvement of criminal compensation system is the constitutional requirements of the fundamental rights of citizens ,and also the only way of building the rule of law of our country .This article first start from the historical evolution and characteristics of China’s criminal compensation, and makes a brief introduction to the development of the basic principles. As Followed, the author compared some of related systems of the more developed countries. We can see criminal compensation system in our country, which is like a justice relief system, has developed fairly completely in developed countries. The advanced idea and a relative perfect system are worth learning. As a reference, the author analyzes the current status of the criminal compensation system for a more in-depth,and revealed the problems of criminal compensation system in China’s ,from the aspects of model legislation, the principle of liability and the scope of compensation. These include: executive compensation and criminal compensation in one, unknown principle of liability, and reducing the size of the compensation package, and so on. Then, the author makes a comprehensive analysis of the work of more problems, more controversial case of doubt , such as the issue of compensation, the common issue of compensation, compensation for mental problems, criminal compensation conformation. That is to say , whether there is the three views or not among the case in doubt: "the theory of affirmation, "and" the theory of compromise "," the theory of negation" ,which leads to the differences on law enforcement and complicated procedures and complex operation of compensation for common ,and also resulting in people’s tiredness of requests for compensation. loss of the spirit of the lack of provisions is shortcomings of the for the state’s legislative compensation; confirmation process of criminal compensation becomes a "shield" ,which is not conducive for the realization of the legitimate rights and interests of request compensation The existence of these problems have been blocking the work of criminal compensation in the development process. They are also the problems that must be addressed in the process of revision of "the State Compensation Law". The study and arguments have profound practical significance on the legislative and law enforcement. Finally, the writer puts forward a series point of views, such as clearing question of compensation of criminal cases in doubt from legislation, the abolition of the common system, increasing the mental compensation as well as the abolition of the confirmation process, in the hope of providing some reference to the revision of "national compensation law".更多还原