【作者】 翟俊峰；

【导师】 徐克章；

【作者基本信息】 吉林农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 20世纪20年代以来,随着品种遗传改良和栽培技术的进步,大豆单位面积产量有了大幅度提高。在产量提高的同时,大豆的农艺性状、生理性状、品质性状等也发生了明显的变化,但关于栽培大豆遗传改良过程中产量和生物量以及冠层间两者的变化方面研究甚少。本研究选择20个吉林省1923年以来育成并推广的大豆品种在同一条件下栽培,研究产量、生物量和种子中脂肪和蛋白质含量的变化,了解大豆品种产量遗传改良的物质基础。通过产量和生物量变化的研究和不同生育时期的相关分析,了解收获指数、生物量与产量的可靠性、关联性、稳定性和做为选择高产指标的可行性,对制订育种策略和目标具有重要意义。试验于2006～2007年在吉林农业大学试验田进行,在V₄期、R₂期、R₄期、R₆期、R₇期和R₈期测定各器官的生物量及上、中、下三层的生物量。收获后,统一脱粒、风干、清净。以中间6行,并去除每行两端各50cm的大豆种子产量为小区产量。贮藏到适宜条件下测定籽粒脂肪和蛋白质含量。结果如下:1不同年代育成的大豆品种产量和收获指数的变化20个大豆品种82年来产量和收获指数随育成年代均呈线性增加,达到极显著水平(r=0.78^**和r=0.72^**,P＜0.01)。82年来大豆产量通过品种改良增长了113.42%,每年增长1.38%;大豆收获指数82年来增长了19.48%,平均每年增长0.24%。2不同年代育成的大豆品种生物量的变化对大豆各生育时期生物量随育成年代线性增加,R₆、R₇和R₈期达到极显著水平,相关系数分别为0.67^**、0.65^**和0.63^**。不同年代大豆品种的生物量从出苗到R₆期逐渐增加,R₆期达最大值,然后下降,各大豆品种中下层叶片衰老速度不同,90年代以后的品种衰老脱落的叶片比20～40年代、50～60年代、70～80年代的大豆品种慢,这可能是造成不同年代大豆品种生物量差异的主要原因。对20个大豆品种产量与生物量的相关分析,可以看出影响与大豆产量的关键时期主要是在生殖生长期。因此,可以考虑把R₆、R₇和R₈期三个时期生物量的大小作为筛选高产大豆品种的选择指标。3不同年代育成的大豆品种冠层间产量与生物量的变化不同年代育成的大豆品种上层、中层和下层的大豆产量均随育成年代上升,其中上层20个大豆品种的产量与育成年代达到了显著水平,大豆的产量主要是靠上、中层结荚所获得的,下层的产量随着品种的遗传改良略有增加。在R₂、R₄、R₆、R₇和R₈期,中层的生物量大于上层和下层的生物量,这与中层的产量也较高相对应,上层的生物量与下层的生物量虽然相近,但是上层的产量远高于下层的产量。大豆冠层间产量和生物量具有明显的对应关系,特别是在R₆和R₇期,呈极显著变化。4不同年代育成的大豆品种种子中脂肪和蛋白质含量的变化我们发现大豆种子中平均每1单位脂肪含量增加相应的就有1.2单位的蛋白质含量的减少。大豆种子中的脂肪含量与种子中的蛋白质含量呈负相关,达到显著水平。本文研究表明,大豆产量改良的同时导致了收获指数和生物量等农艺性状的增加。产量与生物量、收获指数呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。因此,通过提高生物量和收获指数的育种方向来提高大豆产量具有可行性,生物量和收获指数可作为高产品种的选育指标;合理的冠层结构也是获得高产的必要条件。更多还原

【Abstract】 From 1920s,soybean production has increased with genetic improvement and progress of cultivating,extensively.Agronomic,physiological and quality traits changed with increase of yield significantly.The relationships among yield,biomass and canopy structures were hardly reported recently.Our objective was to investigate the changes of yield,biomass,oil and protein content in order to understand the physiological basis in the selection of historical cultivars using 30 soybean cultivars cultivated and genetically improved from 1923 to 2005.Via relative analysis of yield,some agronomic traits and different stages,harvest index and biomass were discussed in this study.They seemed as selection criteria for making breeding strategy and target.The experiments were performed with randomized complete block design with at least three replicates in Changchun（43.53°N,125.10°E）,Jilin Province in 2006-2007.Upper,middle and low layer biomass of soybean plant were measured at V₄,R₂,R₄,R₆,R₇ and R₈,respectively. After trimming 0.5m from either end,six rows were combine-harvested,and the seed was cleaned.After wind-dry,oil and protein content were measured in comfortable condition.The results were as followed:1 Changes of yield and harvest index of soybean with year of releasedSoybean yield(r=0.78^**) and harvest index(r=0.72^**) were increased liner with year of released,significantly.Yield increased 113.42%（1.38%per year） and harvest index did 19.48%（0.24%per year）from 1923 to 2005.2 The changes of biomass of soybean cultivars with year of releasedThe biomass of soybean plant increased liner with year of released at different stages, furthermore,there was significant at R₆(r=0.67^**),R₇(0.65^**) and R₈(r=0.63^**).In whole growth stage,after biomass of plant increased from emergence to R₆,furthermore,there was max at R₆, biomass begin to descend.Leaf senescence of soybean cultivars after 90s was lower cultivars before 90s.This reason was possible duce to difference of biomass of cultivars with year of released.Via relative analysis between yield and biomass,the results indicated that generative growth was the key stage of soybean yield.R₆,R₇and R₈ seemed as choosing criteria for breeding of high yield. 3 Changes of canopy yield and biomass of soybean cultivars with year of releasedYield of upper,middle and low layers increased with year of released and yield of upper layer increased significantly.The result showed that soybean yield came from upper and low layers mainly.Biomass of middle layer was more than upper and low at R₄,R₆,R₇ and R₈.Yield of middle layer was more than upper and low,the same time.Though biomass of upper layer was hardly equal to low layer,yield of upper layer was higher than low significantly.There was close relationship between yield and biomass at R₆ and R₇ specially.4 Changes of content of oil and protein of soybean seed with year of releasedIn our experiment,a l unit increase in oil content was usually accompanied by a 1.2 unit decrease in protein content.There was negatively between oil content and protein content significantly.The results showed that harvest index and biomass increased with increase of yield.There was positively between yield and some agronomic traits including biomass and harvest index. So,yield of soybean was improved via improving biomass and harvest index possibly.In this study,we included that biomass and harvest index seemed as high yield index in breeding of future.As the time,constructing reasonable canopy also was necessarily.更多还原