【作者】 李海燕；

【导师】 赵莉；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2008， 硕士

【副题名】《所罗门之歌》的生态女性主义解读

【摘要】 托妮·莫里森,当代杰出的美国黑人女性作家,世界文坛上的一颗黑色珍珠,于1993年获诺贝尔文学奖,成为世界上第一位荣膺诺贝尔文学大奖的非裔美国作家。莫里森作为一位黑人女性,在诠释和探寻非洲裔美国黑人的历史、命运和精神世界方面打破了以往作家的写作定位,更加注重对于当前美国主流文化冲突下的美国黑人文化与自我价值的探寻。《所罗门之歌》是托妮·莫里森的第三部小说,也是她的代表作之一。这部作品一改其前两部以黑人女性为主角的定位方式,转以黑人男性为主人公,因而一面世,就以独特的主人公、新颖的创作手法以及深刻的主题内涵吸引了评论家的关注,他们试图从不同的角度,用不同的理论对其进行分析,但都不能穷尽对它的诠释。本文试图从一个新的视角——生态女性主义来探讨《所罗门之歌》的主题和现实意义。在这部作品中,莫里森成功地把自然、性别和种族这三者紧密结合起来,意识到有色人种、女性和自然都处在受歧视和压迫的地位,都受男性,尤其是白人男性的统治。女权运动和生态运动是紧密相连的,她们要求改变这种使她们处于压迫地位的世界观,取而代之的是一种新的、可替代的价值体系。因此,摧毁“人类”的世界观,即男人的、男权主义者的世界观的特权地位就成为她们的奋斗目标,而“男权世界观”中的等级思想和二元论则是她们主要的批判对象。本文拟从生态女性主义角度,通过文本细读的方法分析《所罗门之歌》。小说主人公奶人在寻根过程中实现了对自然、传统文化的回归和对女性统治的反思,体现了作者的生态女性主义意识,本篇论文对这种生态女性主义意识做了一个尝试性的探讨。全文共有四部分。第一部分为绪论,简要介绍作者莫里森及作品《所罗门之歌》,并对《所罗门之歌》的国内外研究现状作了综述,指出了评论家们已经从结构、主题、创作手法、种族、以及互文性等方面对这部小说展开研究。在吸收借鉴他们研究成果的基础上,本文试图从生态女性主义的视角进一步加深、拓宽对小说的理解。第二部分是本文的理论基础,详尽阐述了生态女性主义的观点,回顾了生态女性主义思潮的发展历程,阐述了具有代表性的理论家的观点和主张。第三部分是本文最重要的部分。主要通过文本细读,从主题、人物塑造等方面具体分析《所罗门之歌》中蕴涵的生态女性主义思想。通过分析“树”在作品中的象征意义,体现了托妮·莫里森试图通过“树”的意象以及超自然的表现手法,对抗白人主流叙述对黑人文化与历史的歪曲;本文还分析了女性在男性中心主义的社会中受到的压制和进行的反抗,以及黑人女性在传承民族文化中的作用,揭示了莫里森呼唤黑人男性尊重、关爱黑人女性,主动与她们建立起平等互助、互敬互爱的两性关系的心声。黑人男性也只有扎根非洲传统文化,不断从黑人女性那里学习,才能避免白人文化的侵袭,才能在社会中寻找到自我身份和立足之地,黑人民族也才能从白人主流文化的边缘实现复兴成为常青树。莫里森对父权制、奴隶制、种族歧视和性别歧视进行批判与反思,以唤起黑人民族被湮没的种族记忆和民族自豪感,拯救黑人的精神生态危机,呼唤人类与自然、男人与女人、不同民族与多元文化的和谐共存。结论部分在综上所述的基础上,指出了生态女性主义对现实的指导意义,并对生态女性主义批评理论的前景做了进一步的展望,同时提出了一些操作性强、效果明显的方法来改善男性、女性以及自然之间的关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Toni Morrison, the 1993 Nobel Prize winner for literature, is the first Afro-American woman writer who wins the Nobel Prize for Literature. She is a black pearl in literary world. Morrison’s particular identity, being a black woman, contributes to various commentaries on her works from different perspectives. She, keeping reflecting and exploring the African American history, fate and spiritual world, breaks the silence of black culture, a civilization that exists underneath the American cultural mainstream. Song of Solomon, Toni Morrison’s third and representative novel, different from her other novels which focus on female protagonists, delineates a male protagonist. Then, as soon as it came into print, it became the limelight of criticism for its reversal protagonist and unique writing style. And infinity of interpretations has been put on the novel. But, as a treasury of human life, it is hard to exhaust its meaning. This thesis attempts to interpret Song of Solomon from the perspective of ecofeminism to reveal the author’s awareness of the importance of nature and the function of women in the society.In the novel, Morrison manages to put nature, gender and race together, and perceives that there are interconnections between them. That is, they are in the same discriminated and oppressed position which is imposed by the male, especially the white male. Ecofeminists make it exactly clear that women must see that there can be no liberation for them and no solution to the ecological crisis within a society whose fundamental model of relationships continues to be one of domination. The women’s movement and the ecological movement are intimately connected. The demands of both require transforming that worldview which underlies domination and replacing it with an alternative value system. Therefore, smashing the worldview centering on human’s privilege taken by patriarch and masculinity becomes their goal; criticizing the hierarchy and dualism is their main object.The thesis is a tentative study of the ecofeminist awareness that Morrison establishes through her presentation of the relationships between both human and nature and between male and female.The thesis consists of four parts. The first part is the introduction. Apart from a brief description of the author and the novel, it gives a literary review that highlights the former efforts made on the study of the novel both at home and abroad: from the perspectives of structure, racism, environmentalism, inter-contextualism and so on. Treading on former steps and assimilating their achievements, this thesis would go further to deepen and broaden the understanding of the novel.The second part introduces the theory of ecofeminism, the process of its development and its representatives’ thoughts and ideas. It provides a theoretical foundation for the ecofeminist interpretation of the novel.The third part is the most important part of the thesis. It illustrates the symbolic meanings of "tree" imagery in Song of Solomon, and reveals that the tree in the novel symbolizes nature, black women of Pilate’s kind, African ancestry and black traditional culture. Morrison intends to use the imagery of the tree and her unique writing technique with the tint of magic to resist white mainstream narrative which distorts black culture and history, and impugn patriarchy, slavery, racial discrimination and sexism. It also focuses on the analysis of the women who fall victims of patriarchy and utter their rebellious voice, and the women who are custodians, transmitters of black traditional culture, revealing Morrison’s expectation to arouse male reflection and strive to establish ideal black male-female relationships. Only deep rooted in the soil of African traditional values and culture, constantly learning from black women, can African-American men resist the erosion of white culture and find their self-identity, standing ground and sense of belonging. And only in this way, can black nation find a way out for their revival and become an evergreen tree in the marginal place of white culture. Morrison also attempts to awaken their memory about black heritage and national pride and then help them out of spiritual crisis, in the hope that human and nature, men and women, different races, nations, and diverse cultures can coexist in harmony.The concluding part makes a summary of the thesis. Moreover, the future development of ecofeminism is prospected for further studies. Then it comes to point out the significance in applying the theory of ecofeminism to our lives and some feasible and effective ways to be taken to improve the relationships between both human and nature and between men and women. Although we have taken some remarkable steps to reduce damage to the environment, there is still much work to do to make the sustainable development and establishment of a harmonious world come true.更多还原