【作者】 杨振；

【导师】 王树力；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 公路的建设和使用是一项工程量巨大的开发建设项目,其纵深长、占地广、立地条件差、影响面积大、人为因素影响大,路堑边坡水土保持措施的效果如何,直接影响公路沿线的水土保持和环境保护工作。本文选取哈牡高速公路亚布力段的4种防护措施和3个对照组,分析比较各种不同措施的水土保持效果,得到以下结论:1.径流试验数据显示,试验地水土流失非常严重,仅对照组Ⅱ类型边坡单日降雨的径流量可以达到1650t/km~2。公路边坡水土保持措施起到了一定的防护效果,其中,土工格室植草、三维植被网、散播植草措施相比对照组径流量减少58.5%和59.3%、50.8%,含沙量相比各自对照组分别减少59.4%、50.2%、44.7%,表明以上水土保持措施对减少公路边坡水土流失径流量和降低径流含沙量上效果显著。2.土工格室植草措施96.0%、三维植被网措施95.8%、散播植草措施95.2%、六角空心砖植草56.6%的植被覆盖率,显著高于其它对照组的平均值45.27%的植被覆盖率。4种措施的生物量分别是三维植被网1102.2g/m~2、土工格室植草817.4g/m~2、散播植草710.2g/m~2、六角空心砖植草579.2g/m~2,显著高于对照组的平均值378.24g/m~2,各种防护措施为公路边坡防护植物提供了良好的生存环境。草地早熟禾生物量大,能够适应黑龙江省的环境气候,可以有效的提高公路边坡的植被覆盖率,是符合黑龙江省公路边坡水土保持要求的植物。3.工程措施增加了土壤孔隙度,改善了土壤结构。其中三维植被网和土工格室植草1.22g/cm~3的平均容重,远远小于其它样地1.39g/cm~3的平均容重。土工格室植草措施的非毛管孔隙度12.56%、毛管孔隙度43.81%、总孔隙度56.37%都远高于7.13%、42.04%、49.17%的平均值,说明以上两种措施水土保持能力较强,利于公路边坡植被生长,对改善土壤透水性、通气性,有很大帮助。4.土工格室植草措施和三维植被网措施的饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量都明显的高于其它措施的平均值,其中土工格室植草措施的饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量分别是其它措施的1.76倍、1.56倍、1.59倍,表现出了较好的土壤持水能力。5.不同坡度对土壤物理性质影响显著,坡度为15°样地上各层土壤物理性质差异显著,而在30°和45°坡度,各层土壤的土壤物理性质指标差异不大。综合分析各种试验数据,得出的结论是水土保持措施对公路边坡防治水土流失边坡径流量降低径流含沙量上效果显著,4种措施的防护效果的比较是:土工格室植草＞三维植被网＞散播植草＞六角空心砖植草。六角空心砖植草具有一定的防护效果,但是综合考虑景观因素、造价因素,建议减少使用六角空心砖植草措施。更多还原

【Abstract】 Expressway construction and use is a big development items of basic construction,it’s long and broad,the site condition is bad,the influence area and the human factor is very big. Effect of soil and water conservation measures seriously influence the work of soil and water conservation and the environmental protection along the expressway.We select 4 types of soil and water conservation measures and 3 control groups in Yabuli freeway cutting slopes, through the study on rules of vegetation survey and soil physico-chemical properties,the paper comparative analysis the effect of the type places,the results were as follows:1.Data display,the soil erosion is extremely serious,only control groupⅡerosed 1650t/km~2 soil in odd-numbered days rains.Soil and water conservation measures plays the vital role,in which,The runoff of geo-cell measure,3D vegetative cove measure and planting grass measure reduces separately 58.5%,59.3%,50.8%;the silt content reduces 59.4%,50.2% and 44.7%,it indicate that the measures have remarkable effect in soil and water conservation.2.The vegetation coverage fraction of geo-cell measure(96%),3D vegetative cove measure(95.8%),planting grass measure(95.2%),and 6-corner blocks measure(56.6%) are much higher than the mean value of control groups(45.27%).The biomass of 3D vegetative cove measure(1102.2g/m~2),geo-cell measure(817.4g/m~2),planting grass measure(710.2g/m~2) and 6-corner blocks measure(579.2g/m~2) are much higher than the mean value of control groups(378.24g/m~2).This 4 measures provide the good survival environment to the protection vegetation of expressway.The Biomass of Poa pratensis is very big,and it adapt the environment of Heilongjiang,and it enhances the coverage fraction,so Poa pratensis is a vegetation which is fit to the work of soil and water conservation3.Project measures increase the soil porosity,improvement soil structure.In which,the mean unit volume weight value of 3D vegetative cove measure and geo-cell measure is 1.22 g/cm~3,it’s less than the mean value of other control groups,the value is 1.39g/cm~3,the non-capillary tube porosity 12.56%,capillary tube porosity 43.81%and gross porosity 56.37%of geo-cell measure are more than the mean value of control groups 7.13%,42.04%and 49.17%, this means the 2 measures are in favor of soil and water conservation,water permeability and ventilation.4.The saturated water capacity value,capillary tube water capacity and field capacity of geo-cell measure and 3D vegetative cove measure are 1.76 times,1.56times and 1.59 times higher than the mean value of control groups,the shows good ability on water-holding capacity. 5.The effect of slope angle on soil physical property is notable,when the angle is 15°, every soil layer has remarkable difference,when the angle is 30°or 45°,the soil physical property is close.Generalized analysis each kind of tentative data,compared with structure of the 4 measures,the results were as follows:geo-cell measure＞vegetative cove measure＞planting grass measure＞6-corner blocks measure.The 6-corner blocks measure a little effect on the conservation,but consider to the construction cost factor and landscaping factor,we suggest to built it less.更多还原