【作者】 郭海滨；

【导师】 李保平； 强胜；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 本文以草坪杂草和昆虫为研究对象,重点研究了南京市不同管理措施的草坪杂草和昆虫种群结构的差异和分布规律,以及管理措施对两者发生的影响,探讨了施肥、浇灌和修草的作业对草坪杂草发生和杂草种群结构的影响,明确了杂草发生高峰期和最佳控草时期。本文还通过环境因子研究对狗牙根草坪昆虫群落组成的影响,以及优势害虫大面积爆发的主要成因,从生态学角度探索利用生物多样性治理草坪虫害。1.利用样方法对南京市20个草坪样地进行杂草发生种类及分布调查,研究结果表明,南京市草坪绿地全年共发生杂草种类139种,隶属39科;其中菊科杂草24种,占17.27%;禾本科杂草23种,占16.55%;莎草科杂草6种,占4.32%;豆科9种,约占6.47%;玄参科为8种,共占5.76%;其它约占5 0%。主要危害草坪生长的优势种群分布在禾本科、菊科和莎草科,占所有杂草种类的38.13%,发生数量占所有杂草总数的58.80%,发生高峰期为盛春至夏末。不同类型草坪发生杂草种类差异明显,暖季型草坪发生杂草种类比冷季型草坪偏多,其中暖季型132种,约占94.96%,冷季型草坪发生杂草种类70种,约占50.36%。不同管理水平的草坪杂草的发生种类和种群数量差异明显,其中精细管理的狗牙根草坪发生杂草最多,为81种;高羊茅草坪杂草最少,为47种;结缕草杂草发生59种。粗放管理的狗牙根草坪杂草发生种类最多,为98种;结缕草杂草发生种类数量差异较大,为82种;高羊茅草坪杂草发生种类分别为59种。2.运用CCA分析结果表明,人工管理措施大大降低了草坪杂草发生数量和种类。土壤肥水条件是影响杂草发生数量的主要环境因子,修剪作业对绝大多数高杆杂草的物种丰富度抑制明显,而对马唐、香附子和水蜈蚣等优势杂草种群密度影响较小。根据南京地区草坪杂草根据发生特征不同分为3个类群,第1类群有马兰、牛筋草、马唐、斑地锦、香附子、异型莎草等优势杂草与剪草次数代表的草坪高度呈显著负相关性,与灌溉次数代表的土壤含水量和施肥量呈显著正相关,具有耐低修剪、耐践踏,生长快的共同特性。第2类群以金狗尾草、双穗雀稗、毛花雀稗、荩草、白茅、南苜蓿、三叶草等优势杂草与灌溉次数代表的土壤含水量和施肥量负相关,与草坪高度呈正相关关系。第3类群以一年蓬、蒲公英、苦苣菜、艾蒿、车前、酢浆草等优势杂草与草坪高度呈正相关关系。3.南京市草坪昆虫共发生106种,隶属11个目,其中鞘翅目发生种类最多,为24种。发生频率较高的种类有黄胫小车蝗、短额负蝗、中华稻蝗、黄脸油葫芦、华北蝼蛄、大青叶蝉、灰飞虱、绿盲蝽、梨网蝽。暗色姬蝽、丝殊角萤叶甲、小地老虎、斜纹夜蛾、淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾、雀纹天蛾、菊花瘿蚊、摇蚊、红头丽蝇、家蝇、黑草蚁、亚东细璁和中华草蛉。不同草坪中发生的昆虫种类和种群数量差异明显,其中狗牙根草坪发生昆虫最多,为47种;高羊茅草坪昆虫为30种;结缕草杂草发生昆虫最少,为18种。粗放管理的狗牙根草坪昆虫发生种类最多,为76种;结缕草昆虫发生种类数量最少,为44种;高羊茅草坪昆虫发生种类53种,精细管理水平显著降低。4.比较同一草坪样地内杂草和昆虫发生状况表明,昆虫发生较杂草发生在时间分布上具有滞后现象,其中杂草发生高峰期在全年的6月-7月,而昆虫发生高峰期在8月-9月。并且两者的发生种类在逐步增加以及逐渐减少时具有显著的同步性。5.昆虫群落的多样性指数随着草坪管理水平的提高而逐渐降低,狗牙根草坪在粗放管理条件下,发生优势害虫有蝗虫类、叶蝉类和飞虱类,精细管理水平下优势害虫有大青叶蝉、灰飞虱、金龟子类和地老虎类。典范对应分析表明,土壤物理特性(质地和疏松层厚)与草坪地下昆虫的发生明显相关;杂草丰富度、草坪高度与天敌昆虫等群落变化存在显著相关性,植食性昆虫与植物多样性和草坪生境的关系不明显。更多还原

【Abstract】 The population structure and distribution of the turf weed and the insect under different management lever or measures were surveyed. And the impact on between the occurrence of weed and insect communities and fertilizing, watering and grass mowing were studied and the peak period of occurrence of the weeds was set up. Moreover, the insect community structure in relation to environmental factors on Bermudagrass lawns were studied, and the main causes of the outbreak of dominant pest in bermudagrass lawn was revealed. The lawn pest was controlled using biological diversity from the ecological point of view.1. With sampling methods, twenty sampling plots in Nanjing were investigated in order to find out occurrence of weed species, infestation and distribution in turf. The results showed that the total of one hundred thirty-nine weed species, belonging to thirty-nine families, including twenty-four weed species of composite accounting for 17.27 percent, twenty-three weed species of poaceae accounting for 16.55 percent, 6 weed species of cyperaceae accounting for 4.32 percent, nine weed species of fabaceae accounting for 6.47 percent, eight weed species of scrophulariaceae total of 5.76% and other species accounts for about 50.0 percent of all weed species were recorded in Nanjing. The dominant population includes Poaceae, Compositae and Cyperaceae, and accountings for 38.13 percent of all weed species, accounting 58.80 percent of the total populations. The peak period of occurrence weed for full spring to the end of the summer. Moreover, it was founded that differences weed species in different types of turf, the distribution of one hundred thirty-two weed species accounting for 94.96 percent in warm-season turf more than seventy species of weeds about accounting for 50.36 percent in cool-season turf. The weed populations of different management levels in turf obviously, including 81 species in bermudagrass lawn, forty-seven species at least in tall fescue lawn; fivety-nine species in zoysia grass at fine-managed level. And ninety-eight species in most in bermudagrass lawn, eighty-two species in zoysia grass lawn and fifty-nine kinds in tall fescue lawn at poorly-managed level respectively.2. The obtained data were analyzed with canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). According to the analysis showed that the artificial management measures greatly reduce the number and species of weed. Soil fertilizer and watering conditions that affect the number of weeds were major environmental factors, the grass mowing was inhibited most high-weed species richness significantly, Digitaria sanguinalis, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus difformis and others of richness were less effected. According to the different weed characteristics, 61 dominant lawn weed species were divided into three groups in Nanjing. First group of dominant weed species includes Eleusine indica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus difformis with low-cut resistance, resistance tramples and fast growth of the common characteristics. These weed species were not only negative correlated with turf grass growth (height), but also were positively correlated with water content in soil and fertilizing amount. The second group of dominant weed species includes Setaria glauca, Paspalum dilatatum, Imperata cylindrica var.majo, Medicago hispida, Trifolium repens. These weed species were not only negative correlated with water content in soil and fertilizing amount, but also were positively correlated with turf grass growth (height). The third group includes Erigeron annuus, Taraxacum mongolicum, Sonchus oleraceu and Artemisia lavandulaefolia were positively correlated with turf grass growth (height).3. One hundred-six insect species in turf, belonging to eleven orders, including twenty-four species of Coleoptera, according to the frequency, Oedaleu infernalis, Atractomorpha sinensis, Oxya chinensis, Teleogryllus emma, Gryllotalpa unispina, Cicadella viridis, Laodelphgax striatellus, Lygocoris lucorμm, Stephanitis nashi, Nabis stenoferus, Agetocera filicornis, Agrotis ypsilon, Predenia liture, Spodoptera depravata, Teretra japonica, Epiymiu sp. Chironomus sp., Calliphora vicina, Musca domestica, Lasius fuliginosus were the worst turf pest in Nanjing. Including forty-seven insect species in most in bermudagrass lawn, thirty species in tall fescue lawn; eighteen species at least in zoysia grass were recorded. According management lever, the number of insect at fine-managed level was less than poorly-managed level.4. Comparison to the seasonal dynamics and richness of weeds and insects in the same turf sampling, the result showed that the insects of occurrence time later than weeds, which the peak time of weeds growing since June to July, and insects in the peak period since August to September. Meanwhile, the number of occurrence weeds become to increase or reduce gradually was synchronized with insect species.5. The index of insect community diversity was reduced when the turf management lever raising. The grasshopper, leafhopper and Peanut-head bug were dominance pest species The dominant insect pests were grasshoppers (Acrididae), leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), and planthopper (Delphacidae) on poored-management in bermudagrass lawn, but Cicadella viridis, Laodelphgax striatellus, cutworms (Agrotis ypsilon) ,and Scarabaeid larvae on well-managed lawns. The CCA showed that soil physical characters (texture type and height of depositional horizon) were correlated with below-ground insect sub-community. Moreover, weed richness (number of weed species) and turf grass growth (height) were also correlated with carnivorous insect communities, but phytophagous insect communities were not correlated with turf habitat.更多还原