节点文献
当代文学视野中的女性主体性流变
【作者】 刘宁；
【导师】 史志谨；
【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2008， 硕士
【摘要】 父权文化下女性主体性受到压制,这是不争的事实。因此,主体性是女性相对于男性构成自身独立的标志。女性主体性的建构是女性获得解放的关键,更是社会进步的现代化追逐。本文笔者选择从行为、思维、体验、言说四个层面展开女性主体性的阐述,同时又历时性梳理了它在当代文学的流变历程。建国“十七年”,中国妇女有幸在政府支持下获得了和男性一样的平等权利。这种社会现实反映在“十七年”文学里表现为:当代中国妇女在新社会积极奔赴生产各领域,从而建构了她们作为行为主体的主体性。然而,在中国,所有工作的重点是在生产领域解放妇女,这当然为中国文学诞生雄强女性提供了广阔社会背景。勤劳、泼辣、强悍的新女性不仅解构了中国传统女性的形象,而且证实了双性同体存在的合理性。但是,传统家庭的模式根深蒂固,女英雄虽能驰骋社会各个领域,但是却不能改变无法别离家园的历史宿命。更有甚者,波澜壮阔的妇女解放运动,带有惊人的性压抑意味,于是,女英雄只能以革命演绎爱情,让情爱的力比多臣服于革命的激情。历史不断前行,“文革”时期高涨的革命激情与空前的政治运动,致使整个社会盲目抵制物质主义、追求精神理性。就在这种狂热的追逐中,女性在“革命样板戏”里获得了前所未有的理性,从而建构了自己作为思维主体的主体性。诚然,当女性能够公开运用自己的理性时,也就获得了对男性启蒙的殊荣。但是,现代主体是在各种“权力-话语”规训下形成的,我们审视“样板戏”中的女英雄时不期发现:“权力-话语”不仅训诫了女性的肉体,而且规训了她们的魂灵。前者使女性呈现出革命劳动美学原则下追求的粗砺、健硕的身体特性,后者使女性心灵弥漫着无产阶级大公无私的僵化气息。不言而喻,革命话语埋葬了女性的浪漫爱情。“文革”结束后,伴随着新的美学原则迅速崛起,中国文学上空高高飘扬着人道主义的旗帜。为了人的尊严与权利,文学担负起社会义不容辞的神圣使命。此际女性创作不甘示弱,大量文本彰显身为女人独特的情感体验、心理以及身体感受,而从这些视角去表达女性意识恰恰是建构了女性作为体验者的主体性。女人不再是被他人代言的“亚当的肋骨”,她们在爱情、婚姻、欲望领域对主体性的追逐,表明她们与男性霸权的决绝态度。当然,作为体验者女性可以体验自我,也还可以体验世界,尤其是对人性的体验是身为体验主体建构主体性不可或缺的内容。众所周知,人性是极为复杂的,善良与邪恶可以共在;宽容与狭隘可能并存。然而,新时期以来,一些女作家的作品总能让我们在困境中体味人世温情,在泪花闪烁中目睹人类向善向美的笑容。女作家以其独特的生活体验形成女性别样的人文关怀之情。20世纪后期以降,重建女性主体性的后现代女权主义吸收了“话语就是权力”的理论,把语言学、结构主义引入女性主体性理念。受此思潮的影响,女作家积极构筑独具特色的话语系统,不仅用自己的身体在飞翔、而且也用离经叛道的话语在反抗,更用自我超越的话语在表达女性的宽容。马克思曾经指出:“每个了解一点历史的人都知道,没有妇女的酵素就没有伟大的社会变革。社会的进步可以用妇女(丑的也包括在内)的地位来精确地衡量。”中国当代女性建构主体性是在社会主义制度的监护下进行的,所以妇女的解放运动始终伴随着政治发展的脚步。当代文学作品真实地纪录了女性追逐主体性的过程,尽管这期间也充满矛盾和冲突。当然,建构女性主体性道远任重,本文只是粗略地梳理了它在当代的流变历程,还有很多问题留待以后的探索、研究。
【Abstract】 Under the patriarchal culture, female subjectivity is suppressed, which is an indisputable fact. So women subjectivity to men is a sign of their independence. Construction of the female subjectivity is the key of liberation of women, which is pursuing the modernization of social progress. In this paper, the author chooses action、thinking、experience、statement the four parts of the women to express, and at the same time combs its the evolution of contemporary literature in the history.Founding 17 years, Chinese women received the support of the Government and the same equal rights to men honorably. This social reality reflected in the performance of literature for 17 years: Contemporary Chinese women in the new community rushed to the production in various fields, and constructed the behavior subjectivity. In China, however, all focused on the emancipation of women in the field of production, of course, this provides a broad social background for the Chinese male-female birth of literature. Hard-working, lively, tough new women not only deconstruct of the Chinese women’s traditional image of women, and confirm the reasonableness of dual nature of existence. However, because of the deep-rooted traditional family model, the heroine can be working all areas of society, it is impossible to change the historical fate. What is more, the magnificent women’s liberation movement has been astonishing sexual repression. Therefore, the heroine can only interpret the revolution in love, make love and the libido to under in the revolutionary passion.History is progressing, "Cultural Revolution" period of high passion and unprecedented revolution lead to boycotting the materialism, and pursuing the spirit of ration. In this feverishly chase, women build their rational subjectivity the "revolutionary Model Operas". Certainly, when women can use their ration in the public situation, they will get honor to enlighten men. However, modern main body formed in all kinds of "power words" that under the regulatory training, when we look at the heroine in the ’"Model Operas", we found: "power words" not only admonished the woman’s body but also disciplined their spirit. So the former showed crude and dry the physical characteristics of women under a labor aesthetic, the latter made women’s hearts filled with the impartiality of the rigid atmosphere. It goes without saying that revolutionary discourse of the women buried their romantic love."Cultural Revolution" ended, accompanied by a new aesthetic principles rapid rising, Chinese literature fly highly the banner. For human dignity and rights, literature loads the sacred mission of social duty. At this time, feminine creation is very prosperous, and a large number of the texts highlight an unique emotional experience, mental and physical feelings. But because of the female consciousness from these angles of view, it constructs the female subjectivity exactly. So women are not an "Adam’s Rib", they show their denial attitude towards the patriarch.Certainly, women as an experience individual can experience not only themselves but also the world, in particular, the experience of human nature which is the indispensable elements to build women’s subjectivity. It is well known that the human nature is extremely complex, good and evil .They may be tolerant and narrow possible to coexist. However, since the new time, some woman of letters’ works have always been able to let us appreciate the world tender feeling in the difficult position, in the tear twinkle witnessed that the humanity does good deeds to smiling face. The female forms sentiment of the feminine unique humanities concern by its unique life experience.Late 20th Century down, modern feminism absorb "the words were the authority" the theory, they introduced the language study, structuralism to the feminine independent idea. Affected by this thinking, female writer actively build a unique discourse, not only with their own bodies in flight, but also with deviant words in the resistance, with more than self-expression in the discourse of women’s to express their tolerance .Marx pointed out: "Every little understanding of the history of the people all know that no women of the enzyme would be not great social change. Social progress in the status of women can use to accurately measure." Under the custody of socialist system, construction of the contemporary women’s subjectivity is progressing. Chinese women’s liberation movement has always been accompanied by the pace of political development. Although this period is full of contradictions and conflicts, Contemporary literature true record the women pursuit process of the female subjectivity.Of course, the construction of the female subjectivity has not only remote road but also hard work. The paper is only a rough establish the evolution of contemporary history. There are many issues left to future exploration and research.