2-3岁幼儿依恋、气质特征与母亲依恋关系的研究

【作者】 冯娟娟；

【导师】 兰继军；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 应用心理学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 依恋,是指婴儿与照料者(主要是母亲)之间存在的一种感情联结,一般表现为儿童对照料者的一种追随、依附和亲密行为以及由此带来的归属感和安全感。依恋关系一旦形成,就会保持相对稳定,并且在儿童的社会性及感情发展过程中起重要作用。气质是个体心理活动的稳定的动力特征,主要表现在情绪体验的快慢、强弱以及动作的灵敏或迟钝方面,气质作为个性发展的动因,已经成为研究人类早期情绪发展和社会化的主要影响因素。2-3岁这一阶段的幼儿正处于情感发展、情绪分化的关键期,如果这一时期能够给予幼儿恰当的安全型依恋的培养,不仅有助于培养幼儿的自信和自主的人格,能够鼓励幼儿对人生保持乐观、进取的人生态度,对幼儿以后的良好的人际关系的建立和心理健康的发展起到促进作用。本研究以2-3岁的136对母亲和幼儿为研究对象,用成人亲密关系问卷、关系问卷、幼儿依恋问卷和1-3岁幼儿气质问卷为研究工具,考察母亲依恋、幼儿气质特征和幼儿依恋三者的关系。本研究得出以下主要结果:(1)幼儿依恋维度上,依恋-探索的得分高于交互顺畅性的得分,高于社交活跃性的得分,并且女孩在依恋-探索和交互顺畅性的得分要高于男孩,男孩在社交活跃性上得分高于女孩。(2)母亲的依恋类型以安全型依恋为主,母亲在回避维度的得分要高于在焦虑维度的得分,而且不同性别幼儿母亲在依恋维度上有差异。母亲亲密关系得分与幼儿安全依恋的建立呈负相关,ECR总分越高,幼儿安全性依恋的得分越低。(3)幼儿依恋与母亲的教育程度、母亲与幼儿持续分离时间以及幼儿依恋对象有关。(4)幼儿气质类型分布以平易型和中间近平易型多,占总人数的74%,麻烦型的幼儿和发动缓慢型的幼儿分别占13%和15%,其中麻烦型幼儿的男孩人数多于女孩;发动缓慢型的幼儿中女孩人数居多;中间近麻烦型的幼儿占总人数的8%,男孩人数多于女孩的人数。(5)男孩在活动水平、节律性、适应性、心境和持久性五个气质维度的得分比女孩高,趋避性、反应强度、注意分散和反应阈4个维度的得分女孩比男孩高。(6)幼儿气质特征受母亲教育程度的影响,母亲教育水平与幼儿适应性、反应阈有显著的相关性,母亲文化程度对儿童气质维度除趋避性外均有影响,母亲文化程度高的幼儿平易型居多。(7)幼儿的活动水平与幼儿依恋的依恋-探索,交互顺畅性以及社交活跃性有正相关,趋避性与社交的活跃性和交互顺畅性有显著的负相关,心境与幼儿社交活跃性和交互顺畅性正相关。(8)幼儿的趋避性与母亲的焦虑维度正相关,心境与母亲回避负相关,幼儿的注意分散与母亲的焦虑维度正相关。根据研究结果,得出以下结论:(1)在2-3岁的时候,女孩比男孩更容易形成安全依恋。(2)母亲依恋的主要类型为安全型,与西方国家的依恋类型相似。(3)母亲依恋与幼儿依恋有代际传递的现象。(4)母亲的教育程度、母亲与幼儿持续分离时间的长短和幼儿主要依恋对象对幼儿依恋有影响作用。(5)幼儿气质类型以平易型和中间近平易型为主,不同性别类型有统计学意义。幼儿气质的9个维度有性别差异。(6)母亲的教育程度是影响幼儿气质特征的影响因素之一。(7)幼儿气质不仅与幼儿依恋有关,而且与母亲的依恋有关,是影响依恋的重要因素。更多还原

【Abstract】 Attachment is an emotional tie between infant and his caretaker, usually shows children’s following, depending, and intimate behavior to their caretaker. If attachment begins to exist, it will keep stable and play an important role in children’s social connection and emotional development. Temperament is the individual activities of the psychological characteristics of a stable force, mainly in the speed of emotional experience, strong or weak, and the performance of action implicit in the sensitive or insensitive, temperament as a result of the dynamic development of personality, has become a study of early human emotions and social development of the main factors. This phase of the 2-3-year-old child is in affective development, emotional differentiation of the critical period. If in this period, can provide child appropriate to the security of attachment training, not only helps to develop children’s self-confidence and autonomy of the personality, but also can encourage child remain optimistic about the life, progressive attitude towards life, the child after the establishment of good interpersonal relationships and play a facilitating role in their mental health.In this study, chose 136 pairs child and their mother for the study, child’ age is 2-3-year-old, and use of Experience in Close Relationship Questionnaire (ECR), Adult Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), Preschooler Attachment Scale, (PAS), and China Toddler Temperament Scale (CTTS) for the research tool, to explore the relationship among adult attachment, Characteristics of child care quality and infant attachment.This study reached the following conclusions:(1) Dimensions of child attachment, the score of the attachment-explore higher than the score of the smooth interaction, higher than the scores of social active. Girls in the attachment-explore and interact smoothly higher than the boys scored, boys in social active scored higher than girls.(2) Mother’s attachment to the type of security mainly, the mother avoided the dimensions of the score is higher than that of the dimensions of anxiety in scoring, but different gender dimensions of child mothers in the attachment on the difference. Score close relationship between mother and child attachment of the security establishment was negatively correlated, it has higher score in ECR, and the lower safety attachment child has.(3) Child attachment with the mother’s education level, the continued separation times that mother with their child and the attachment objects.(4) Distribution of child temperament has more E and I-E child, accounting for 74 percent of the total number, type of D and S of the child hasl3% and 15%, I-E child of the total number of 8%, and the boys more than the number of the girls.(5) Boys in levels of activity lever, rhythm, flexibility, mood and endurance temperament dimensions of the five scores higher than girls, approach-avoidance, response intensity, distraction and threshold of responsiveness which four dimensions scores of that girls higher than boys.(6) The mother’s education level affect children’s temperament characteristics, the levels of the mother’s education have significant correlation with the children’s flexibility and threshold of responsiveness. Except for the approach-avoidance, the mother’s educations all influence on children’s dimension of temperament, so the high education level of mothers that the more children have secure attachment.(7) Children’s activity lever has positive correlation with the child’s three dimension of attachment. The approach-avoidance has a significant negative correlation with children’s social activists and smooth interaction, and mood has positive correlation with children’s socially active and smooth interaction.(8) Children’s approach-avoidance has positive correlation with the mother’s anxiety dimensions, and negative correlation with the mother’s avoid dimension. The distraction of child has positive correlation with the mother’s anxiety dimensions.The results of this study indicate that:(1) In 2-3 years of age, girls than boys to have secure attachment.(2) Mother majority attachment types are security, and are similar to the western country’s type of attachment.(3) Attachment transmission exists between mother and their child.(4) Mother’s level of education, continued separation of child with their mother and the main targets of attachment have great influence role to the child attachment.(5) Child temperament has more E and I-E, gender different types of statistical significance. Child temperament dimensions of the nine are gender differences.(6) Mother’s education level is one of the factors that impact of children’s temperament characteristics.(7) Temperament not only influence the child attachment, but also influence the mother’s lever of attachment, it’s an important factor affecting the attachment更多还原