论行政程序违法的法律责任

【作者】 王晓琴；

【导师】 姚宪弟；

【作者基本信息】 太原科技大学 ， 诉讼法学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 自改革开放以来,我国理论界与实务界中的“程序”意识都开始逐渐苏醒,研究程序的热潮一浪高过一浪。在这样的大环境下,行政程序的研究也在行政法学者的推动下走过了艰辛的二十年,有学者将其分为三个阶段:朦胧期、讨论期、统一行动期。但事实上,我国已经错过了国际上的行政程序法的立法浪潮。我国的《行政程序法》已经是呼之欲出而始终未出。有学者预期我国的《行政程序法》面世最早也要在2010年。以法定行政程序规范政府的行为,对于防止行政权力的滥用、保证行政目的实现以及保障人民的自由和权利具有特别重要的意义。目前,由于我国尚无统一的行政程序法典,而关于行政程序的概念国内学者也尚未形成一致认识,其中主要有两种相互歧异的观点。笔者认为:行政程序是行政主体实施行政行为时所遵循的方式、步骤、顺序和时限的总和。违反行政程序是指行政主体在实施行政行为时违反行政程序法律规范的行为总称。行政程序法律规范主要是指行政程序法典以及规定行政程序的其他行政法律法规,如我国《行政处罚法》、《行政复议法》和《行政诉讼法》中关于行政程序的相关规定。行政主体实施行政行为,不仅要遵循实体法规定,还要遵循行政程序法规定。行政行为虽然符合行政法实体要件,但如果该行政行为没有按照法定的行政程序实施,即违反行政程序,通常也被视为违法行政行为并由此承担相应的法律后果。从某种意义上说,依法行政主要是指以法定程序行政。在实践中,行政主体“重实体,轻程序”的做法已成为其在行政诉讼中败诉的重要原因。在依法治国的大背景下,在以人为本的“十一五”规划指引下,我们应尽快构建行政程序的独立价值理念,树立权利本位思想,加大对公民的权利的保护力度。本文试图在某些环节上,把行政诉讼程序与刑事诉讼程序中类似的规则进行比较性研究,例如美国刑事诉讼中的米兰达规则,进而提出这样一个问题:即行政程序价值理念是否可以借鉴其精神。程序违法也是违法,理应承担相应的法律后果。我国现行行政法律法规对违反行政程序的法律后果也作了一些规定。《行政处罚法》第3条规定:“没有法定依据或不遵守法定程序的,行政处罚无效”。《行政复议法》第28条规定,对于违反法定程序的具体行政行为,复议机关可能决定撤销、变更或确认该行政行为违法。《行政诉讼法》第54条规定,具体行政行为违反法定程序的,判决撤销或者部分撤销,并可以判决被告重新作出具体行政行为。但上述规定均比较笼统抽象,没有进一步具体化,操作时难以正确把握。根据我国现行行政法律法规,并参考国外典型行政程序法的规定,笔者认为,违反行政程序的法律后果通常有三种情形:无效、可撤销、可补正。更多还原

【Abstract】 As open and reform,the procedural consciousness gradually has been restored in our country, not only in theory but also in practice. Upsurge of research procedure surges wave upon wave. Under such background, the research of administrative procedure has passed 20years under promotion by endeavors of law scholars. Some scholars divide this period in three parts: obscure, disputing, Unified action. Some academics expect Chinese earliest“Administrative Procedural law”was published in 2010. In fact, China has missed the international climax of enacting the Administrative Procedure Act. Chinese Administrative Procedure Law has not yet to emerge. To regulate the action of the government through official administrative procedures has special significance to prevent the abuse of administrative power and to ensure the achievement of the administrative purposes and the protection of the freedoms and rights of people.At present, Chinese unified administrative procedure code is absent yet; scholars on administrative procedures have not yet to reach agreement in conception of administrative procedures. There are two main representative views. The author believes: administrative procedures are the main administrative act which must to be followed: way, steps, order and time. Illegal administrative procedure is an aggregation of illegal administrative procedure of the administrative body. Administrative procedures regulating mainly refers to the Code of Administrative Procedure Law and other administrative laws and regulations. For instance, the Administrative Punishment Law, the Administrative Reconsideration and the Administrative Procedural Law have the relevant provisions of the administrative procedures.Administrative subjects do administrative acts, not only abiding by substantive law, but also procedural law. Although administrative act abide sine qua nons of substantive law, and meanwhile break administrative procedure, these acts would be regarded illegal and lead to disadvantageous consequences. In a sense, administration by law is administration by administrative law. In practice, administrative subjects’failures in administrative cases are usually caused by ideas“emphasizing on substantive law and underestimating procedural law”. In the background the country is“ruled by law”and under guidance of 11th five-year-program based on humanist ideas, we should construct a unique value system of administrative procedure, establish right-based ideas and strengthen protection of rights of our citizen’s. In some parts of the dissertation, the author makes a comparative study in administrative procedures and criminal procedures, for example, Miranda rules, and put forward a question“can we learn something for its legislative spirits”.Violation of procedures is also a kind of illegal conducts and leads to disadvantageous consequences for which our country’s administrative laws have made provisions. In 3rd article of administrative penalties law,“If there is no provision or the administrative act does not abbey the relative rules, the penalty is invalid”, in 28th of Administrative Reconsideration ,“if a specific administrative act has been undertaken in one of the following circumstances, the act shall be annulled, altered, or confirmed as illegal by decision; if the specific administrative act is altered, or confirmed as illegal by decision, the applied may be ordered to undertake a specific administrative act anew within a fixed time”, in 54th of administrative procedural law, if concrete administrative acts break legal procedure, the decision can be cancelled or cancelled in part, or decide the court to make a new decision, but the rules above is such abstract that it is too difficult to use. According to contemporary laws of our country, and some abroad experience, the author thinks, legal consequences of violation of administrative procedure are three kinds: invalidity, reversibility, and correction.更多还原