【作者】 李玲；

【导师】 高东升；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 果树学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究以金太阳杏和凯特杏等为试材,于2004～2007年在山东农业大学实习基地及群星园艺场进行,主要研究了杏树不同种质资源的低温需求量;设施中杏树的果实生长发育、新梢生长发育和叶片净光合速率的变化动态;杏树的远缘杂交及杂种不孕性。主要结果如下:1.杏树不同品种的需冷量有明显差异,需冷量的高低与果实成熟期成正比,成熟期早,则需冷量低,反之亦然;同一品种其花芽和叶芽的需冷量不一致,基本趋势是花芽的需冷量高于叶芽,花芽为800-920c.u,叶芽为790-910c.u;不同品种的需冷量年际间有差异。2.凯特和金太阳杏的果实生长发育呈双S型曲线。从授粉到充分成熟,果实的生长发育大致可分为第一次迅速生长期、缓慢生长期和第二次迅速生长期。第一次迅速生长期主要进行细胞分裂,相对较低的温度,不仅能延长细胞分裂的时间,而且也能诱导更多细胞分裂素类物质的合成来促进细胞分裂;果皮和果肉细胞迅速增大引起果实的第二次迅速增加,人为给予较高的温度可以缩短果实发育期,提早成熟。3.设施中杏树的新梢在一年中有两个快速生长期。第一个快速生长期出现在花后的第5～6周,正是果实的第一个迅速膨大期,因此营养竞争激烈,需加强树体管理,才能促进果实发育。果实采收后进入第二个迅速生长期。4.设施栽培条件下,杏树光合速率和气孔导度日变化均出现三个峰值,且“午休”现象不明显。胞间CO₂浓度的日变化曲线因品种而异。金太阳杏光合—光反应曲线的结果表明:金太阳杏对设施中的弱光条件产生了一定的适应性,对弱光的利用率提高。5.设施中杏树的始花期为2月17日,而露地杏的始花期为3月29日,相差40d。设施条件下杏雌蕊败育花比例明显提高。设施栽培条件下的花期较露地延长2～3d,为人工授粉和蜜蜂授粉赢得了宝贵时间。设施栽培下的金太阳杏不完全花比例比露地栽培的高33.25%;而在设施栽培和露地栽培下的凯特杏,其不完全花比例差异不显著,说明凯特适合设施栽培环境。6.设施栽培条件下凯特杏的白花结实能力较强,金太阳杏的自花结实能力弱。同一杂交组合在母本的不同花期授粉,其坐果率差异显著。不同杏品种进行杂交组合后,其果实坐果率和杂种不育性的研究结果表明:及时进行幼胚培养是防止或减少杂种胚的中途败育、获得更多远缘杂种的有效途径之一。更多还原

【Abstract】 Reserch had been carried out in practice base of Science and Engineering of Shandong Agriculture University and Qunxing gardening with "Katy", "Golden sun" and other apricots from the year 2004 to 2007.The text had discussed the chill-requirement,fruit development,shoots growth,pn of apricot and distant hybridization in greenhouse mainly,The results were as follows:1.Significant differences were found in chill-requirement of different apricot varieties.Furthermore,the chill-requirement was in the direct ratio to ripening of apricot fruit,eg,the earlier fruit ripening was,the lower chillrequirement was.Differences were also found in chill-requirement of the same variety,and chill-requirement of flower buds were higher than that of leaf buds.And chill-requirement of different varieties with annual variation were different.2.The development of fruit growth of "Katy"and "Golden sun"were double-S curve.From pollination to complete ripening,the development of fruit growth divided into the first rapid growth of fruit,slow growing period and the second rapid growth of fruit.Cell division mainly occurred in the first period.theregore,relatively lower temperature not only postphoned the time of cell division,but also promoted cell division by inducing synthesis of cytokinins.cell enlargement of the Peel and Pulp of apricot fruit resulted in the second quick growing period of fruit,therefore,artificial higher temperature could shorten fruit growing stage in order to advancing ripening.3.Two quick growing period were discovered in shoots of apricot in green house.The first quick growing period which was coincident with the first quick growing period of fruit occurred in the fifth or sixth week after flowering.So,we suggested that reinforcing tree management should promote fruit development.The second quick growing period occurred after harvest.4 In greenhouse,three peak values were found in diurnal variations of photo-synthesis rate and stomatal conductance in apricot and midday depression was not obvious.Diurnal variations of Ci was different in different varieties.Photo-synthesis—light reaction curve of "Golden sun" apricot suggested that "Golden sun" apricot became adaptable to low-light and improved low-light use efficiency.5.Initial flower stage of apricot in greenhouse was February 17^th, whereas that out of greenhouse was March 29^th,which was postponed for 40 days.But the proportion of pistil abortion was significantly advanced. Because flower stage in greenhouse was prolonged for 2～3days contrast with out of greenhouse,we had enough time to carry out artificial pollination and pollination by bees.The proportion of flower abortion in greenhouse was higher 33.25%than that out of green house,but in and out of greenhouse,there was no significant difference in proportion of flower abortion of "Katy" apricot.These results suggested that "Katy" apricot was more adaptable to greenhouse condition.6.Results of self-pollinated and cross-pollinated fruit set suggested that self-fruitful capacity of "Katy"was stronger than "Golden sun".Significant difference in fruit set was found by pollination of different florescence in the same hybridization.Some apricot varieties pollinated mutually and fruit set and of abortion of crossbreds were studied.The results suggested that immature embryo culture was a efficient pathway to avoid or reduce abortion of crossed embryo and attain more distant hybrid.更多还原