损害补偿原则在多数保险中的运用

【作者】 李佳霖；

【导师】 汪世虎；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 民商法学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 损害补偿原则是保险法中非常重要的原则,是保险法上诸多制度体系的基石。损害补偿原则在绝大多数的财产保险与很多人身保险中有着广泛的运用。损害补偿原则是指被保险人在保险事故发生而遭受损害时,由保险人在约定的保险价值及保险金额范围内,以实际的损害为基准,并在考量保险利益之有无的前提下及其范围内,予以给付保险金。我国保险法虽然确立了损害补偿原则,但是立法上并没有赋予该原则以应有的地位,理论界也没有给于该原则以应有的重视。本文通过对保险法上损害概念与民法上损害概念的比较研究,提出两者在目的上和范围上的区别,并以此划分了保险法上损害与民法上损害的界限。在损害补偿额度问题上,笔者把损害补偿额与保险金额、保险价值和实际损失这几个相关概念进行了比较,进而确立了几个概念间的相互关系。在损害补偿原则的适用范围上,本文通过对财产保险与人身保险、定值保险与不定值保险、损害补偿类保险与定额给付类保险的分析提出了损害补偿原则适用于损害补偿类保险的结论。传统的保险关系是保险人与被保险人之间一对一的关系,随着所有权权能的分离、消极保险的出现,以及对保险利益原则的深入理解,现实生活中出现了越来越多的一个被保险人与多个保险人之间存在保险合同,并且各个保险合同效力彼此影响的现象。与该现象相关的概念主要有超额保险、足额保险与不足额保险;而国内外保险法学界解决此类问题的常见规则又主要有:重复保险规则、保险竞合规则与其他保险条款规则等。笔者通过对近似概念的比较以及这几类规则的分析论证,提出了更恰当的多数保险概念。笔者认为,多数保险是指在同一个保险利益上,为了防范相同的风险,订立数份保险合同,该几份保险合同的保险期间重合,同时数保险合同的总保险金额超过保险价值的状态。笔者在确立多数保险概念后对其特征进行了阐述。笔者认为,多数保险主要有以下五大特征:1.同一个保险利益;2.同一个保险事故;3.数个保险合同;4.同一保险期间;5.数个保险合同的总保险金额超过保险价值。笔者认为,多数保险概念的确立及其特征的阐述有助于弥补我国保险立法的空白,并对保险实务操作具有很强的借鉴作用。多数保险中保险合同彼此间的效力问题是同一被保险人与多个保险人之间关系的核心。理顺相互关联的多个保险合同间的效力可以简化当事人间的关系,从而顺利解决多数保险问题。在判断多个保险合同效力时,笔者没有援引我国保险法规定的超额保险当然无效的规定,而是综合了保险法的损害补偿原则与合同法的一般原理来考量,进而提出以当事人的主观心理分类来分析不同情况下保险合同的效力状况,并创立了赋予善意当事人的合同撤销权制度来替代简单的直接判定合同无效的方式。笔者把多数保险的效力问题分为三种情况分别分析论证。第一种情况,当保险人与被保险人均善意时,应认定多数保险合同中的超额保险合同无效,其他超额保险合同均有效,确定哪部分为超额部分的选择权由处于弱势地位的被保险人行事,多收取的保险费如果事故没有发生,则被保险人有权收回;如果保险事故发生,则被保险人无权收回。第二种情况,当保险人善意而被保险人恶意时,应当赋予善意的保险人以合同撤销权,该撤销权适用于因被保险人恶意而订立的整个合同。善意的保险人不行使撤销权则合同生效,善意的保险人行使撤销权则因被保险人恶意而订立的合同无效。第三种情况,当保险人恶意而被保险人善意时,在损害补偿原则的范围内赋予被保险人以合同撤销权,无论被保险人是否行使撤销权,有效部分的合同效力仅限于保险价值额度内。在多数保险的理赔问题上,笔者运用损害补偿原则对常见的比例分摊原则、优先原则和连带责任原则进行了全方位的分析比较,并考察了世界各国在理赔问题上的规定。笔者认为,在多数保险的理赔原则问题上,比例分摊原则与优先原则都有诸多缺陷,而连带责任原则则可以解决这些缺陷。相比之下,连带赔偿原则符合优先保护被保险人(投保人)的立法趋势。同时,基于保险合同的契约属性,笔者认为,当事人之间对理赔问题的约定也应当认定为多数保险理赔的原则之一。本文的主要研究方法包括:第一,逻辑分析的方法。在多数保险问题上,笔者运用损害补偿原则在法学研究应当遵循的基本逻辑范围内展开论述,使损害补偿原则的解释、多数保险概念的界定都建立在严密的逻辑基础之上。第二,归纳法。本文通过归纳整合世界各国的多数保险合同效力问题和理赔问题,建立了符合法理、逻辑清晰的多数保险合同效力规则和理赔方式,并与民法基本理论相衔接。第三,经济分析的方法。考虑到保险法的商法属性以及保险理赔过程中的成本问题,通过经济分析的方法揭示了多数保险制度设计中的经济理性。第四,比较法学的方法。我国的保险法相比世界大多数发达国家处于起步阶段,对多数保险相关问题的研究也仅仅停留在重复保险问题上,这与保险业发达的国家相去甚远,为了建立符合保险法前沿理论与适应我国具体情况的多数保险制度,本文对英国、美国、德国、瑞士等国家的相关规定进行了分析与归纳,并从中抽取了完善我国立法和实务的相应规则。更多还原

【Abstract】 The principle of indemnity, the cornerstone of several policy systems in contract law for insurance, is a very important principle of the Insurance law, and is widely used in most of property insurance and lots of personal insurance cases. The definition of the principle of indemnity is that when the insurant is injured by the insurable events, the insurer affords the insurance premium within the agreed range of the insurable value and insurance amount on the basis of the actual damage, on the premise of and within its range of the consideration whether insurable interests exists or not. Although in china the indemnity principle has already established in the insurance law, this principle neither share the position it deserved in legislation nor the attention it should be paid in theory world.In this paper, from studying on the concepts about damage in contract law for insurance and civil law, the writer has brought up the differences about the purpose and the range, and confirmed the radius between them. On the magnitude of indemnity, the writer has compared it with the insurance amount, the insurable value and the actual damage, and then confirmed the correlation between them. On the applicable range of the principle of indemnity, the writer has an analyse about the property assurance and the life assurance, the fixed and unfixed value assurance, the indemnity assurance and the ration assurance, and brought up that the principle of indemnity can be applied in the indemnity assurance.The traditional connection of the assurance is a man-to-man connection which between the insurer and the insurant, with the abruption of the droit, the appearance of the damned assurance, and the deeply understanding of the principle of the insured interest, the phenomena that one insurant has contracts with many different insurers together is increasing, and the validity of them affects each other. The concepts about them are the excess assurance, the adequacy assurance, and the inadequacy assurance, and in the law world of the assurance, the ordinary rules to solve these problems are the repetition assurance rule, the contest assurance rule, and the rules of other insurance clauses etc. From comparing with the concepts and studying the rules, the writer has brought up a better concept, multiple insurance. It means that for keeping away the same risk, the insurant had better made multiple contracts with the same insured interest and the same period, and the insurance amount in all exceeds the insured value. Multiple insurance has five characters: 1. the same insured interest; 2. the same insurable event; 3. multiple contracts; 4. the same insurance period; 5. the insurance amount in all exceeds the insured value. The establishment of the concept of the multiple insurance and the expatiation of its characters is the remedy of insurance law in China, and it can be used for reference in the insurance practice.In the multiple insurance, the insurance contract validity is the core of the connection between one insurant and multiple insurers. Put it in order can predigest the connection between the parties, and solve the problems of multiple insurance successfully. In the judgement of the insurance contract validity, the writer has not invoked the prescript that the excess insurance is invalid, he has synthesized the principle of indemnity and the common principle of contract law, and brought up that the insurance contract validity should be analyzed from the sorts of the parties’ subjective mentalities. So, the writer has founded a system which endows the goodwill party with the right to annul the contracts, substituted the one to decide the contracts are invalid curtly. The validity of multiple insurance has three points: 1. When the insurers and the insurants are all of goodwill, the excess insurance contracts will be invalid, but others are valid, the choice of confirming which part is the excess belongs to the weak insurant. If the insurable event doesn’t happen, the insurant is entitled to take the insurance premium back; or, it will not. 2. While the insurer is of goodwill, but the insurant is of hostility, the right to annul the contracts should be endowed to the insurer of goodwill, it is applied in all the contracts of hostility. When the insurer of goodwill doesn’t exert this right, and the contracts become effective, or, it will not. 3. While the insurer is of hostility, but the insurant is of goodwill, in the range of the principle of indemnity, the right to annul the contracts should be endowed to the insurant, whether the insurant exert this right or not, the insurance contract validity in effect should be within the range of the insured value magnitudeOn most insurance problems, seeing about the rules of the payment of claims in worldwide countries, the author makes a all-directional analysis and contrast between the principal of proportional allotment, priority principal and the principal of joint responsibility according to the principal of damage compensation . the author thinks there are flaws on the principal of proportional allotment and priority principal but could be made up by the principal of joint responsibility . by contrast,the principal of joint compensation is in correspondence with the tendency of the legislation of insurant. and in terms of the obligation of the insurance contract, the author deems that the assumpsit of the payment of claims between parties should be regarded as one of the principals of the most insurance payment of claims.The main study methods of this paper includes: 1. Logic analysis. Concerning most of the insurance problems, the writer carries the discussion within the scale of basic logic of the law research with the principle of indemnity, and shapes the explanation of this principle as well as the definition of the multiple insurance on the basis of the rigorous logic. 2. Induction. Through inducting and integrating the validity and claims of numbers of the worldwide multiple insurance contracts, this paper establishes the logically clear multiple insurance contracts rules and claims pattern according to the legal principle, connecting with the theory of civil law at the same time. 3. Economic analysis. This paper reveals the economic reason of the design of most multiple insurance under the consideration of the attribute of the commercial law and the cost problem in the progress of the insurance claims. 4. Comparative law. Chinese insurance law is just at the starting point compared with the most developed countries in the world, and we only remain discussing the multiple insurance concerning studies of most insurance relevant problems, which is far behind the situation in countries where the insurance industry has been well developed. In order to establish the multiple insurance systems according to the frontier theory of the insurance law and adapting to our country’s concrete conditions, the paper makes analysis and induction to the relevant regulations of other countries like England, USA, Germany and Switzerland, from which the relevant regulations is absorbed to perfect our country’s legislation and social practice.更多还原