德州市抗旱预案研究

【作者】 冯蕾；

【导师】 曹升乐； 于立忠；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 水利工程， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 抗旱预案研究推行的是积极地预防和应对干旱灾害,是新时期实现主动抗旱的一项重要举措。它是有针对性的提前准备的应急计划,要比等干旱灾害发生后再临时反应更周密、更主动、更有效,更有利于各种抗旱资源的有效配置,有利于最大限度地消除旱灾给经济、社会带来的各种不利影响,为社会经济发展提供最大的安全保障。近年来,世界各国都高度重视抗旱预案研究工作,但在我国的实际工作中主要靠行政协调解决,有关部门各自为战,很少按照预案实施,人力、财力、物力往往无序流动,浪费很大。历次干旱灾害的惨痛教训及因之而付出的沉重代价告诉我们:无论从保持经济稳定发展的需要还是从维护社会安定的需要看,都必须更新思想观念,改善工作方法,加强干旱灾害的防抗工作,探索出自己的抗旱之路。因此,进行抗旱预案研究十分必要。在查阅大量文献的基础上并结合德州市的实际情况,本研究对基本情况的调查分析、险情的发现报告、决策指挥、人员转移、抢险力量组织、物资保障等方面都进行了明确的安排和规定。一是搜集了自然、地理、经济社会发展、水资源开发利用和历史旱灾等各种基本资料,对典型旱灾年的成因、损失进行详细的分析;二是统一了对不同旱情的判别评估标准。按照不同类别和层次的旱情并结合自身实际,来制定不同的旱情判别标准;三是确定了抗旱指挥体系及其职责,针对不同旱情制定具体的、有操作性的抗旱措施。抗旱措施主要是开源和节流,其中开源措施明确了具体方案,节流明确了限水方案。同时注意了预案中抗旱措施的呼应和衔接,保证抗旱预案的连续性和整体性;四是建立了预防和预警机制,包括旱情信息监测及报告、干旱预警及发布,响应四级干旱预警机制,加强上下级沟通、协调、组织和指导等,分别从资金、物资、应急备用水源、应急队伍、技术和宣传培训等方面做好保障;五是在旱灾结束后,评估旱灾损失及影响,做好灾民救助。并总结经验,找出问题,进一步做好防旱抗旱工作。近几年抗旱预案的实践证明,完善的预案研究是抗旱工作有章可循、有法可依的基础,是抗旱工作新的里程碑。它可以使我们在大旱来临之前有充足的准备。针对不同程度、不同频率的干旱,预筹各种抗旱措施,及时开展抗旱救灾,减少抗旱工作的盲目性,最大限度的减少旱灾损失,保证人民生命财产安全和经济社会可持续性发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Preparedness drought plan is actively to prevent the drought disaster, which is an important act of resisting drought initiatively in the new era. It is targeted on the preparation for contingency plan. So it is more careful, more active, more effective and more beneficial to the allocation of effective drought-resistance resource than temporary reaction after the drought has taken place. It is also beneficial to remove the drought disaster effectively and various negative effects on the economy and society and can provide maximal insurance for out society. In recent years, many countries all pay more and more attention to preparedness drought plan, but that work in China still has some problems, for examples, the organization of the plan is carried out mainly by administration coordination, the relevant departments work separately, the plan can’t be implemented according to the prediction scheme, manpower, financial resources and material resources are often assigned unreasonably and wasted. The previous painful lessons caused by the drought disaster in the past warn us: whether for defending public stability or for keeping the economic stability, we must renew our concept, improve our method, reinforce the drought-resistance work and explore our own way to resist drought disaster. Thus, preparedness drought plan is very necessary.Based on lots of documents and the fact of our city, this research gives a clear arrangement and rule for the analysis of basic fact, report of danger, decision-making and command, personnel transfer, organization of rescues power, material safeguard and so on. The first is to collect all kinds of basic information, such as the nature, the geography, the development of economy and society, the exploitation of water resource and history of drought, for the detail analysis of the cause and losing of the drought. The second is to unite the criterion of different droughts. According to the actual conditions, sort and level of the drought, we constitute different criterions for different droughts. The third is to confirm the directing system and its duty, and make concrete and effective measurement for the drought-resistance. The main purpose of this measurement is to increase income and reduce expenditure, in which the former defines the concrete scheme, and the later confirms water-saving measurement. And in order to guarantee the continuity and integrality of preparedness drought plan, we should also pay attention to the concord and linkage of drought-resistance measurement in this plan. The fourth is to set up early warning mechanism, which contains monitoring and reporting of the drought information, drought pre-warning and releasing. In answer to the fourth level of the mechanism of drought alarm, we should stress the superior and subordinate communication and the organization, and ensure supports of the capital, material, fountain, contingent, technology and propagandize and so on. The fifth is to evaluate the loss and influence, rescue the victims after the drought disaster, and then summarize the experience, find the question and prepare for the further work of preparedness drought.In recent years, practice of preparedness drought plan has proved that research on consummation plan is the foundation on which preparedness drought work has a legal basis and support, and is new milestone of preparedness drought works. It can help us prepare sufficiently for the drought. In order to reduce the blindness of drought-resistance work and the drought loses, we should prepare various kinds of drought-resistance measurement and rescue the drought disaster in time according to the degree frequency of the drought. Those measurements can reduce the drought loses to the maximum content, assure the people personal safety and property and the economic society sustainable development as much as possible.更多还原