【作者】 李维尊；

【导师】 陈冠益；

【作者基本信息】 天津大学 ， 环境工程， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 生物柴油是由植物油、动物脂肪或脂肪酸通过酯交换或者脂化反应得到的清洁燃料。生物柴油具有无毒、可生物降解以及可再生等优势,其应用受到越来越多的关注。研究测试表明生物柴油的理化性质和普通石化柴油相似,可直接用作发动机燃料而不需要改动发动机结构。生物柴油的主流原料是纯净植物油,成本较高,需要政府大量补贴(美国主要使用大豆油,欧洲主要使用菜籽油和葵花油)。生物柴油的主要成本是原料,为了降低生物柴油成本,各国研究者将焦点对准了生物柴油的原料来源。同时,生物柴油的大规模工业生产过程中又不可避免地产生环境污染问题(主要是废水和液体酸碱的腐蚀问题)。基于上述理由,本文在前期工作的基础上,制备出一种生产生物柴油所使用的固体碱催化剂,并对催化剂进行了评价。在此基础上进而对其进行了改性以提高转化率。同时进行了发动机实验。为了解生物柴油在发动机上的排放特性,在分析了实验室从餐饮废油制得的生物柴油理化性质后,以YC6M220G增压柴油机为研究对象,进行了纯柴油和生物柴油与柴油的混合燃料在柴油机中应用的对比试验研究。试验结果表明:在柴油机不进行任何调整情况下,燃用生物柴油和柴油的混合燃料B20和B50能保证柴油机的动力性能基本不变;初制生物柴油和柴油的B20和B50混合燃料的排放效果一般,与纯柴油的排放指标变化不大,但精制生物柴油和柴油的B20混合燃料明显降低了柴油机微粒、烟度、HC和CO排放,其中在CO、HC和颗粒物排放方面分别降低了18.6%、26.7%和20.57%,证明完全可以用于发动机的替代燃料。考虑到现有生物柴油生产过程中的污染问题,本文进行了固体碱催化剂的研究工作。研究结果表明,该固体碱催化剂对纯净花生油具有优良的催化效果,而且避免了在生物柴油生产过程中废水与液体酸碱的腐蚀问题。通过各种表征手段,对制备出的固体碱催化剂进行改性,可提高催化剂的催化效率,进而提高生物柴油的转化率,达到降低生产成本的目的,同时也获得环保效益。更多还原

【Abstract】 Biodiesel can be made from vegetable oils, animal’s fats mixing with methanol/ethanol and the catalysts by transesterification or esterification. Now biodiesel is being paid an increasing attention as an alternative, non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable diesel fuel. Previous studies have shown that the properties of biodiesel are very close to the diesel fuel, and biodiesel therefore can be used in diesel engine without modification to engine structure.Biodiesel is currently produced mainly from pure vegetable oils (in US soybean oil is widely used, and rapeseed, sunflower oils etc.used n Europe), which results in quite high cost on the biodiesel produced, thereby needing the governmental subsidy. In order to lower the cost of biodiesel produced, more and more researches focus on using the low-cost feedstock. Meanwhile the environmental problems such as the waste water and the corruption by the liquid acid/base are inevitable in the mass production process. Based on those facts, a kind of solid-base catalyst was synthesized and used for biodiesel production in our Lab. The catalyst was modified later in order to improve its effect on conversion.Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel produced using conventional liquid alkaline catalyst was first made in this work, and then the impact of the biodiesel on an YC6M220G turbo-charge diesel engine exhaust emissions was evaluated by comparing with diesel fuel. The testing results show: without any modification to diesel engine, dynamical performance remains unchanged when using biodiesel blend fuels; the crude biodiesel and diesel blends lead to unsatisfactory emissions whilst the refined biodiesel and diesel blend significantly reduces particles, smoke/soot, HC and CO emissions, for example, CO, HC and particles reduced by 18.6%、26.7% and 20.57%, respectively. Biodiesel is therefore appearing a promising alternative fuel to petro-diesel.Considering the environmental problems caused by the mass production process, much attention has been paid on the development of solid-base catalyst. A kind of solid-base catalyst was synthesized and used for biodiesel production in our Lab. It shows the catalyst had an obvious effect on the peanut oil without pollution during mass production. The catalyst was characterized and later modified so as to improve its effect on the conversion. Through the use of this catalyst, biodiesel cost can be reduced and meanwhile the environmental benefit is improved.更多还原