【作者】 董志贵；

【导师】 王金武；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 随着我国环境保护力度的加强和“以人为本”、“经济、社会、环境和谐发展”战略的确定,保护人类自身的健康和保持人类社会的可持续发展已经提升到十分重要的位置。健康风险评价以风险度作为评价指标,将环境污染与人体健康联系起来,定量描述污染对人体健康产生危害的风险的一种方法,它不仅可以对污染给人体造成损害的可能性及程度做出科学的估计,而且可以为受污染场地的治理和修复提供可靠的依据。本文利用健康风险评价方法,从人体摄取污染物质的方式和机制以及污染物暴露剂量和人体健康效应的关系出发,进行地下水污染风险评价方法探讨及风险评价软件设计开发研究。主要研究内容包括:(1)介绍了课题研究的背景、目的和意义、主要研究问题和技术路线,为顺利开展研究工作奠定了基础。在文献综述中,对国内外的研究现状进行分析,总结国内外研究的特点与存在的问题,对课题研究方法和评价模式的选定起指导作用。(2)分析了风险评价的基本原理,针对风险评价的基本概念、人体污染物摄取机制、污染物的致癌和非致癌毒性进行简单的阐述。对比分析几种常用风险评价方法,并总结出方法自身的优缺点,针对课题选取美国国家科学院的NAS四步法作为本研究的基础评价方法。(3)建立包括风险评价指标和暴露评价指标在内的健康风险评价指标体系。探讨地下水污染健康风险评价方法,包括数据收集、剂量—反应评估、暴露评价和风险表征四个步骤。确定了合理暴露途径,给出了暴露剂量计算的十种评价模式和风险表征计算的两种模式。改进污染物暴露剂量的计算方法,增加了胃肠吸收因子、皮肤吸收因子和皮肤渗透系数等参数。(4)根据给出的暴露评价计算和风险表征计算的相关模式和界面设计的原则,运用MATLAB软件开发交互功能突出、交互界面友善的地下水污染风险评价软件,实现健康风险评价过程中的暴露评价和风险表征计算。(5)通过对研究区调查和监测点地下水进行取样测试,确定该研究区地下水最主要污染物为三氯乙烯。根据研究区2003～2006年地下水污染情况的实际监测数据,运用风险评价软件对研究区地下水通过饮水暴露、呼吸空气暴露、接触水暴露和接触空气暴露四种有效途径进行暴露评价和风险表征计算,得出通过四种途径相应的暴露剂量、终生致癌性风险和非致癌风险指数。评价结果表明,研究区地下水受到较严重的三氯乙烯污染,致癌水平较高,非致癌风险危害小于1.0。对比2003～2006年终生致癌性风险柱形图得出,呼吸空气和饮水暴露是造成终生致癌性总风险的主要因素,接触水和接触空气暴露造成的终生致癌性风险可忽略不计。根据评价结果,对研究区居民和政府部门提出一些有效建议。本文的创新点主要包括:(1)总结国内外各类参考文献和网络文献研究成果,建立了一套适用于地下水污染风险评价的指标体系,为地下水污染风险评价提供了科学依据。(2)改进和完善了地下水污染风险评价过程中暴露评价和风险表征的相关模式,为地下水污染风险评价提供完整的数学模型。(3)首次运用MATLAB软件编写风险评价软件,为地下水污染风险评价工作提供了高效、可靠、实用的评价工具。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the dynamics strength of environmental protection and the confirmation of strategy "people-oriented" and "harmonious development of economy, society, environment" of our country, it has already been upgraded to a very important position to protect the health of human being and to keep the sustainable development of human society. Health risk assessment (HRA) is an important method to quantitatively determinate the relationship between pollution and human health. HRA not only can make scientific evaluation about the possibility and the degree of contamination’s damage to human health, but also can offer dependable warrant for pollution management and pollution repair.Based on the way of physical intakes and mechanism of contaminants, the relationship between contaminants exposure dose and physical health response, the groundwater contaminated risk assessment method was discussed and risk assessment software was designed and developed in this paper, the main contents of the research are as follows:(1) The paper briefly introduced the background, researching purpose and signification, main research problems and technical courses of the research which had established a basis for carrying out the research smoothly. In summary of the references, the current domestic and international research situation have been analyzed, characteristics and existing problems that domestic and international research came crossed have been summarized, which provided an effective and directive functions to choose research methods and assessment modes.(2) The principia of risk assessment was analyzed. The basic concept of risk assessment, mechanism of physical intakes of contaminants, carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity virulence of contamination were generally expounded. Compared of several commonly used risk assessment methods, their merits and faults have been summarized. Finally, NAS method of USA Country Sciences Academy has been chosen as the basic assessment method.(3) Health risk assessment of groundwater contamination was discussed, it includes data collection, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characteristics. It confirmed a proper exposure way, ten assessment modes of exposure dose computation and two modes of risk characteristics computation. The computation method of exposure dose of contaminants has been improved, which added some parameters, such as gastrointestinal absorption factor, skin absorption factor and skin permeability coefficient. The index system of health risk assessment has been established, which includes indices of risk assessment and exposure assessment.(4) Based on the principle of exposure assessment computation and risk characteristics computation models and interface design, use software of risk assessment of groundwater contamination with MATLAB, which has prominently interactive functions and amicably interfaced to achieve computation of exposure assessment and risk characteristics of health risk assessment.(5) It confirmed that trichloroethylene as the main contamination of the research area through investigation and tests for groundwater monitoring place. Aimed at computation of exposure assessment and risk characteristics for the truthful monitoring data of groundwater contamination in 2003～2006, exposure dose, risk of carcinogenicity and risk exponent of non-carcinogenicity indices has been found out, which applied the risk assessment software, through four ways as drinking exposure, breathing air exposure, touching water exposure and touching air exposure. The assessment result indicated that groundwater of research area has been contaminated by trichloroethylene, the carcinogenicity risk is much higher than normal standard and non-carcinogenicity risk is less than 1.0. Compared with the bar diagram of non-carcinogenicity risk, breathing air and drinking exposure are the main factors of carcinogenicity risk, the carcinogenicity risk caused by touching water and air exposure could be ignored. Based on the assessment results, some valid advices have been put forward to the local government and denizen.The main innovations of the research are as follows:(1) Summarized the research findings of many domestic and international references, developed an index system of risk assessment for groundwater contamination and it could provide scientific basis for groundwater contamination risk assessment.(2) Improved and perfected the related mode of exposure assessment and risk characteristics in the process of groundwater contamination risk assessment, which offered an integrated mathematics model for groundwater contamination risk assessment.(3) Used the MATLAB software to compile the risk assessment software for the first time, provided a high-eflfect, reliable and practical assessment tool for groundwater contamination risk assessment.更多还原