【作者】 李兴鑫；

【导师】 王鹏科；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业推广， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 农业科技推广是科学技术成果转化为现实生产力的桥梁和纽带。我国拥有丰富的农业科技资源,农业科技机构数量及其从业人员居全球第一。但是,我国农业科技资源整合度差,尚未建立起与现代农业经营相适应的科技成果转化机制,致使大量成果束之高阁,不能在农村产业发展中发挥作用。我国每年大约产生6000多项农业科技成果,只有30%左右得到推广应用,而发达国家农业科技成果转化率平均达到60%左右。可见农业科技成果转化率不高已成为制约我国现代农业发展和新农村建设的重要瓶颈。目前我国以政府推广机构为主体的农业推广体系是在计划经济背景下建立的,已难以完全适应市场经济下农民技术需求多元化的要求,严重制约了科技成果的转化应用。研究解决我国农业科技推广存在问题的对策,探索科技入户的新模式、新机制、新方法,对促进现代农业发展和社会主义新农村建设具有重要的现实意义。本文以农业推广理论为指导,将创新农业科技推广制度融入到现代农业和农村经济发展之中进行研究;充分借鉴国内外的研究成果,归纳总结发展规律与模式;将研究当前和研究历史、研究今后发展相结合,将研究科技推广与研究科技创新相结合。在对我国农业科技推广制度历史演进和国外农业科技推广制度、模式分析的基础上,剖析我国现行农业科技推广制度及其弊端,总结市场经济背景下我国农业推广制度发展趋势和特征,提出我国农业科技推广制度创新的对策和建议。我国现行的农业推广体制在科技成果的转化应用和技术扩散中发挥了重要作用,取得了巨大的成绩。但随着农村经济体制的改革和农村产业结构的调整,原有的推广模式远不能满足农村发展的要求,并且存在一定的问题,具体表现在:在推广组织体系中存在着推广力量分割、分离、分散,推广经费不足,推广机制及模式僵硬,供求信息反馈不灵等问题;在农业科技中介服务中存在着农业科技中介组织发育缓慢,农业科技推广体制的“惯性”制约,相关法律法规建设滞后,资本市场发育不足等问题,这些均是制约农业科技推广和成果转化的主要因素。论文通过对我国14所涉农高校农业科技推广模式和方法创新的实证分析,认为涉农高校是我国新时期农业科技推广最为活跃的因素,以大学为依托农业科技推广模式,促进了产学研、农科教的紧密结合,已成为科技入户的有效方式。但其推广范围有待进一步拓宽,推广力度有待加强,并须建立高校农业推广的长效机制。针对我国现行农业科技推广发展现状和存在问题,改变现行农业科技推广组织方式,整合农业科技推广资源,重新构建农业科技推广价值链,逐步建立政府主导,农业科教单位、涉农企业、科技中介组织广泛参与的多元化农业技术推广体系,是新时期加强农业科技推广工作的根本选择。因此,今后我国农业科技推广发展的对策为:(1)创新农业科技推广理念。即树立按生态区域和产业布局组织推广、“推广就是教育”、产业链对农民进行系统服务的理念;(2)创新农业科技推广体制。首先,要发挥大学在农业技术推广中的作用,加快探索以大学为依托农业科技推广新模式;其次,要不断深化现行行政农业推广机构的改革,对其职能进行重新界定;第三,要规划建设区域农业科技创新中心和产业试验站,整合区域农业科技资源,尽快建立起包含推广职能的国家农业科技创新体系;第四,要加快培育和发展农业科技中介服务组织,促进成为农业科技推广的重要力量;第五,要从法律、政策和经费等方面完善农业科技推广保障体系,特别是对非政府推广机构要给予一定支持。第六,加强对农业科技推广人员和农民的教育培训,提高农业科技推广队伍的素质。更多还原

【Abstract】 The extension of agriculture science and technology is the bridge and link transforming achievements in science and technology to the realistic productivities. There are rich resources of agricultural sci-tech achievements, and staffs and institutions on agriculture research and extension in China. But, the transferring mechanism of sci-tech achievements in agriculture is no longer suitable to the request of modern agriculture production. Therefore, only 30% of 6000 sci-tech achievements in agriculture produced annually were extended and used, while 60% in developed countries. So the lower transferring rate of sci-tech achievements in agriculture has been the main barriers to the development of modern agriculture and construction of new countryside. The agricultural extension system based on the organizations instructed by government in China is established under the planned economy background, which is no longer suitable to the multiple requests of farmers to science and technology under the market economy, and has seriously restricted the application of scientific and technical achievements. Therefore, the researches on the strategies to solving the problems exited in the current extension system of agricultural sci-tech, exploring new model, new mechanism and new method of application of science and technology to farmers are of vital practical importance to promote the development of modern agriculture and the reconstruction of socialism new rural area.Under the instruction of agricultural extension theory, by integrating the innovation of sci-tech extension system of agriculture, borrowing the successful achievements in aboard and China, discussing the procedures and the characteristics of agriculture science and technology expansion in developed countries, and their advantages, some thoughts and countermeasures to reform and develop the expansion system of agriculture sci-tech were put forward in this paper after the analyzing the advanced experience from overseas, combined with the fundamental realities in China.The present agricultural extension system has played important roles in the transferring and application of sci-tech achievements. But along with the reformation of agricultural economy and the adjustment of industry structure of countryside, the present agricultural extension system in China was not met the request of agriculture development. The primary factors which restricting the expansion and application of the achievements in agricultural sci-tech were pointed out as that segregation of scientific innovation and the expansion, the division, separation and dispersion of extension facilities, the insufficient of extension funds, the inflexible mechanism and model, the slow-growing of the Intermediary organization of agricultural science and technology, the inefficiency of information feedback on the supplies and the demand of agricultural technology, and so on.Analysis on the models and methods adopted in extension of agricultural science and technology by 14 agricultural universities in China revealed that agricultural universities were the most active organizations in the new stage of rural development. The extension model of agricultural science and technology supported by universities promoted to the close links between production, study and research, and has been the most efficient way to promote the application of science and technology in agriculture in farmers. Agricultural universities will certainly be the important new force among the multiple expansion system of agriculture science and technology in China.Pointing to the situation and problems in the current extension system of agricultural sci-tech, the choice for enhancing agricultural sci-tech extension was suggested as to change the way adopted at present for extension of agricultural science and technology, to integrate the facilities of agricultural science and technology extension, to establish the chains of agricultural science and technology extension, then to gradually establish the multiple extension system instructed by government and involved the institutions related to education and research in agriculture, the industries involving agriculture, and the intermediary organizations. It was suggested: (1) The natural and economic rules should be followed and the thoughts of organizing agricultural science and technology extension based on the ecological region and industry distribution should be considered, to establish the idea of extension in the same as education, and to promote the transformation of extension ways from the traditional administrative extension to educational extension, and to develop chains of agricultural industry to farmers with services from the production preparation to products processing and finally to the market. (2) The following measures should be adopted to promote the innovation of agriculture science and technology extension system. First, the new model of extension supported by agricultural universities should be further explored to bring the roles of university in extension of agricultural science and technology more efficiently. Second, the reform of the present administration agricultural extension organization should be deepened by redefining the function of those organizations, and separating the organizations with law enforcement and the administration functions. It was suggested that the agriculture institute and the extension centre in the prefecture level should be removed and merged as the regional comprehensive experimental stations, functioned as the pilots of agricultural universities and the administration, the agricultural extension centers in the county level should be further strengthened. Third, the regional sci-tech innovation centers in agriculture should be well arranged and established by integration of the regional resources in agriculture science and technology, and the national agricultural innovation system of science and technology with extension function should be established as soon as possible. Fourth, the intermediate and service organization of agriculture science and technology must be promoted and developed to become the important force of agriculture science and technology expansion. Fifth, the safeguard systems of agriculture science and technology extension should be further improved by legislation, policy and funds, especially to provide support to the non-government extension organization.更多还原